Fig4_1

1
Fig4_1
Cerebral cortex receives input and produces the
sensation and perception
5.
4.
Energy contains information about the world
3.
Accessory structure modifies energy
1.
2.
Receptor transduces energy into a neural response
2
Fig4_3
3_15
Oval window
Anvil
Hammer
Auditory nerve
To brain
Stirrup
Eardrum
Cochlea
Ear canal
Pinna
3
Fig4_4
Stapes
(stirrup)
Unfolded
cochlea
Wave
Organ of corti
Basilar
Hair
membrane
cells
4
InRev4a
InRev3d
InRev3b
InRev3a
InRev1
HEARING
Aspect of Sen- sory System
Key Characteristics
Elements
Soundpressure fluctuations of air produced by
vibrations Earpinna, tympanic membrane,
malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, basilar
membrane Hair cells of the organ of
Corti Auditory nerve to thalamus to primary
auditory cortex
Energy Accessory structures Transduction
mechanism Pathways and representations
The amplitude, frequency, and complexity of sound
waves determine the loudness, pitch, and timbre
of sounds. Changes in pressure produced by the
original wave are amplified. Frequencies are
coded by the location of the hair cells receiving
the greatest stimulation (place theory) and by
the firing rate of neurons (frequency
matching). Neighboring cells in auditory cortex
have similar preferred frequencies, thus
providing a map of sound frequencies.