Outline

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1/21/2014

• Outline
• Visual Pattern recognition
• Template theory
• Feature Theory
• Top down influences
• Object recognition
• Auditory Pattern recognition
• Physiology of hearing
• Echoic Memory
• Video A face in the mirror

Study Question. Compare and contrast template
and feature theories of pattern recognition.
Compare and contrast visual (iconic) and auditory
(echoic) memory.
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Pattern Recognition

• Features Theories
• Complex stimuli are composed of distinctive and
  separable parts called features

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Pattern Recognition

• Features and form perception

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Pattern Recognition

• Feature search Find the green T

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Pattern Recognition

• Conjunction search Find the green T

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Pattern Recognition

• E. Gibsons Feature Theory
• Complex stimuli are composed of distinctive and
  separable parts called features.
• Pattern recognition is accomplished by counting
  the presence or absence of a checklist of
  features.
• Gibsons specification of the feature set
• Features must be critical
• Identity should be unchanged by brightness, size
  and perspective.
• Yield a unique pattern for each letter
• As small a set as possible.

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Find the letter W
Group B SSGQOPBCPOS CCGQOPSBDDB OPPCQDPOOCG PQOOC
CGSPOC SDSGCOOQGGS OOPQQDSSOPO QSOWCBQGGS BQGSCOPO
DSOP SSGQOPBCPOS CCGQOPSBDDB SDSGCOOQGGS
Group A MNNXKLKNLK KMMXNNKMM LKNMXMMKM YMNZNXKXX
L MMKYZXZMZX MZXNMXYNKM KMNKWMNXLK KZXMNXXNML MNNX
KLKNLK KMMXNNKMM LKNMXMMKM
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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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• Other evidence for feature theory Stabilized
  retinal images.
• - Physiological nystagmus

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Pattern Recognition

• Problems with Feature theory
• How features go together are as important as the
  features themselves.

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Pattern Recognition

• Structural Theories
• Like feature theories, except that they also
  consider the structure of the features (i.e., How
  they go together.
• Biedermans Theory of 3-d object recognition.
• Geons 3-D volume features

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Pattern Recognition

• Eliminating information about the relationship
  between volumes/features should be detrimental to
  pattern recognition.
• E.g.,

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• -gt What are these objects?

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Pattern Recognition

• Pandemonium

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Pattern Recognition

• The word superiority effect

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R A I D
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D
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Pattern Recognition

• The word superiority effect

-gt It is easier to identify a letter in the
context of a word than by itself.
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Pattern Recognition

• Bottom-up processing
• The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
• Perception involves an interplay between
  bottom-up and top-down processes.

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Top-down processes

• Perception requires an interplay between top
  down and bottom up processes
• E.g.,

This xentexce is xasy tx read xven txough xvery
xifth xettex is goxe
Herx evexy foxrth xettxr hxs bexn rexlacxd.
Thxs oxe ix haxdex bexauxe exerx thxrd xetxer xs
mxssxng.
Cxn xox rxax txix oxe xhxcx hxs xvxrx oxhxr
xextxr xixsxnx?
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• The interactive - activation model Bottom-up

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• The interactive - activation model Top-down

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Pattern Recognition

• Connectionism
• The Unit
• Activity, weights, thresholds, and summation
• A simple example the AND problem
• The OR problem
• The XOR problem
• Hidden units and three layered networks.

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Auditory Perception

• Physiology of hearing

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Psychology 100Intersession

• Chap 5
• Sensation

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Hearing

• The physical stimulus
• The quantitative element Amount of compression
  (sound pressure).
• We hear loudness, measured in decibels.
• The qualitative element Frequency of compression
  waves.
• We hear pitch

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Auditory Perception

• Auditory Sensory Memory
• Darwin et al.s partial report experiment