Title: 8th Grade Cultures
1- 8th Grade Cultures Periods
- AH-08-2.4.1
- Students will analyze or explain how diverse
cultures and time periods are reflected in visual
arts.
2Early American Architecture
3 - American Early Colonial Style
-
- Period includes both New England Colonial and
Southern Colonial architecture. New England
Colonial - timber-framed structure with clapboard siding
- simple "saltbox form" with steeply pitched gable
roof - second story overhangs
- small leaded windows
- massive central chimney
-
- Southern Colonial
- brick or timber-framed structure
- simple "saltbox form" with steeply pitched gable
roof - narrow plan, often only one room deep
- patterned brick masonry
- massive chimneys at each end of house
4- American Spanish Colonial Style Architecture
-
- Period includes structures prevalent particularly
in California, Florida, and the Southwest. - adobe or stone construction with an applied
finish of plaster or lime wash - massive, monolithic walls with a minimum of
openings - terra cotta tile or flat roofs with arched
parapet or gable forms - projecting roof supports and exposed timbers
- twin bell towers
- Baroque ornament applied to walls
5- American Georgian Style Architecture
- Style was named for the kings who ruled England
during the 1700s. The Georgian style is based on
the work of Sir Christopher Wren and his
contemporaries. -
- geometrical proportions
- hipped roof form
- Palladian windows
- symmetrical plan and building elevations arranged
about a central axis - a main entrance emphasized with columns,
pilasters, and broken pediment forms - classical details
6- American Federal Style Architecture
- Federal Style celebrated the birth of a new
nation, based upon the Adamesque style popular in
Britain. The Adamesque style combined Renaissance
and Palladian forms, French Rococo, and features
of ancient Roman villas. - low pitched roof
- smooth facade
- window openings with larger panes and louvered
shutters - delicate columns and molding
- exterior detail expressed only at an entrance
- circular, oval, or octagonal room shapes
- interior decoration such as garlands, swags,
urns, and rosettes applied to walls - pastel colors
7- American Jeffersonian Architecture
- Inspired by the work of Thomas Jefferson,
combining the order and geometry of a pure Roman
temple form. - red brick construction
- main floor slightly elevated above ground level
- slender columns with smooth shafts
- a portico with pediment above
- simple, classical moldings painted white
- circular, oval, or octagonal room shapes
- arched window or opening located at pediment
8Early American Artists
9THOMAS COLE
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE PAINTER
10Biography of Thomas Cole
Biography of Thomas Cole
- Thomas Cole was born in 1801 at Bolton,
Lancashire in Northwestern England and emigrated
with his family to the United States in 1818.
During the early years Cole lived for short
periods in Philadelphia, Ohio, and Pittsburgh
where he worked as a portrait artist. Although
primarily self-taught, Cole worked with members
of the Philadelphia Academy, and his canvases
were included in the Academy's exhibitions. - In 1825, Cole discovered the haunting beauty of
the Catskill wilderness.
11- Thomas Cole is often called the "Father of the
Hudson River School of Art." In 1826 he helped to
found the National Academy of Design in New York
City. In 1827 he made his first visit to the
White Mountains. - Though he preferred allegorical subjects, he also
painted many landscapes, often at the specific
request of patrons. All his paintings are
romantic in vein, for Cole felt it his duty to
depict nature, especially American nature, as the
"visible hand of God." From 1829 to 1832 Cole
traveled abroad, but his unique genius was not
affected by Old World contacts.
12Thomas Cole The Clove, Catskill, 1827
13Thomas Cole Catskills Mountain House, The four
elements 1843 - 1844
14Thomas Cole Landscape, Composition, St. John in
the Wilderness, 1827
15RECAP
- Thomas Cole
- American landscape painter
- Father of the Hudson River School
- Romantic paintings
- Main focus was NATURE
16John James Audubon
AMERICAN WILDLIFE PAINTER
17Biography of Audubon
- John James Audubon (17851851)
- John James Audubon was a daring and colorful
character renowned for his adventurous nature,
his artistic genius, and his obsessive interest
in birds. - He wrote Birds of America, a collection of 435
life-size prints
18- Audubon drew birds from life whenever possible
rather than from specimens alone. He did, indeed,
shoot specimens that he wired and propped into
life-like positions as models for his paintings.
Of equal or greater importance, he spent much of
his life traveling the continent observing the
birds (and animals) in remarkable depth and
detail. He studied the creatures in all of their
plumages. He attempted to tease out mysteries of
aberrant plumages and apparent hybrids. He took
note of the birds' food and habitat preferences
meticulously. And, he watched them move,
interact, and behave. He strove for action and
reality this was a new approach to the painting
of birds. - John James Audubon. The name brings to mind the
majestic beauty and grace of a vast collective of
wildlife portraiture. However, it is crucial to
remember Audubons detailed scientific
observations as well, for his work in that
capacity is still valid today.
19John James Audubon Excerpts from the Birds of
America Collection
20RECAP
- John James Audubon
- Wildlife artist
- Wrote Birds of America
- Drew birds and other animals native to America
- Drew detailed scientific observations of wildlife
21George Catlin
AMERICAN ARTIST OF NATIVE AMERICAN SUBJECTS
22- An American painter who specialized in portraits
of Native Americans in the Old West. He was the
fifth of 14 children. Both his mother and
grandmother had been captives of Indians. - Catlin left a law career to paint Native
Americans and "to rescue from oblivion their
primitive looks and customs." He taught himself
painting and painted indians he met in St. Louis
or on excursions into Indian country, sketching
and painting some 600 Indian portraits, scenes of
native life and landscapes. He also documented
his paintings with notes on customs of the
approximate 48 tribes he contacted.
23- Catlin formed some of the earliest Wild West
Shows in order to highlight the plight of the
Native Americans and show their culture. - His works are the only known portrayals of some
western tribes, including the bulk of those of
the Mandan tribe, which he believed was descended
from the Welsh.
24George Catlin Buffalo Bull, A Grand Pawnee
Warrior (1832)
25George Catlin Buffalo Hunt under the Wolf-skin
Mask, 183233
26RECAP
- George Catlin
- Native American subjects
- Highlights the plight of the Native Americans and
shows their culture through his paintings - Sketching and painting of some 600 Indian
portraits - Scenes of native life and landscapes
27Early American Photography
28Mathew Brady
EARLY AMERICAN CIVIL WAR PHOTOGRAPHER
29- Brady acquired a reputation as one of America's
greatest photographers - producer of portraits of
the famous. As he himself said, "From the first,
I regarded myself as under obligation to my
country to preserve the faces of its historic men
and mothers." He became one of the first
photographers to use photography to chronicle
national history. - At the peak of his success as a portrait
photographer, Brady turned his attention to the
Civil War. Planning to document the war on a
grand scale, he organized a corps of
photographers to follow the troops in the field.
Friends tried to discourage him, citing
battlefield dangers and financial risks, but
Brady persisted. He later said, "I had to go. A
spirit in my feet said 'Go,' and I went."
30- Mathew Brady did not actually shoot many of the
Civil War photographs attributed to him. More of
a project manager, he spent most of his time
supervising his corps of traveling photographers,
preserving their negatives and buying others from
private photographers freshly returned from the
battlefield, so that his collection would be as
comprehensive as possible. When photographs from
his collection were published, whether printed by
Brady or adapted as engravings in publications,
they were credited "Photograph by Brady,"
although they were actually the work of many
people. - In 1862, Brady shocked America by displaying his
photographs of battlefield corpses from Antietam,
posting a sign on the door of his New York
gallery that read, "The Dead of Antietam." This
exhibition marked the first time most people
witnessed the carnage of war. The New York Times
said that Brady had brought "home to us the
terrible reality and earnestness of war."
31Photographs by Mathew Brady
32RECAP
- Mathew Brady
- American Civil War photographer
- First photographer to document American history
- Wanted to preserve American history
33Websites
- http//whitemountainart.com/Biographies/bio_tc.htm
- http//www.thomascole.org/learn_biography.htm
- http//www.catskillarchive.com/cole/cole.htm
- http//www.audubon.org/bird/boa/BOA_index.html
- http//monet.unk.edu/mona/artexplr/audubon/audubon
.html - http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Catlin
- http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WWcatlinG.htm
- http//www.loggia.com/designarts/architecture/styl
es/american/jeffersonian.html - http//memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwbrady.html
- http//www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/brady.
htm