Hydrogen Storage

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Hydrogen Storage
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Hydrogen Basics

• Douglas Conde

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Hydrogen Basics

• Hydrogen Gas (H2).
• Very reactive.
• Most Common element in the universe.
• Never run out.

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Hydrogen Basics Cont.
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Hydrogen Basics Cont.

• Does not pool
• Dissipates quickly
• Burns with out dangerous vapors
• Invisible flame

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Energy Content Comparison

• Pound for Pound Hydrogen packs the most punch.

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The Great Barrier of Hydrogen Storage
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Current Storage Inadaquete

• Cost
• Weight and Volume
• Efficiency
• Durability
• Refueling Time
• Codes and Standards
• Life-cycle and Efficiency Analyses

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Department of Energy Objectives

• BY 2005, develop and verify on-board hydrogen
  storage systems achieving 1.5 kWh/kg (4.5 wt),
  1.2 kWh/L, and 6/kWh by 2005
• By 2010, develop and verify on-board hydrogen
  storage systems achieving 2 kWh/kg (6 wt), 1.5
  kWh/L, and 4/kWh.
• By 2015, develop and verify on-board hydrogen
  storage systems achieving 3 kWh/kg (9 wt), 2.7
  kWh/L, and 2/kWh.
• By 2015, develop and verify low cost, off-board
  hydrogen storage systems, as required for
  hydrogen infrastructure needs to support
  transportation, stationary and portable power
  markets.

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Current DOE Projects
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Current Costs
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Current Storage Technologies

• Low and High-Pressure Gas
• Liquid
• Metal Hydrides
• Chemical Hydrides
• Physisorption
• Current Methods

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Gaseous Hydrogen Storage

• H2 gas tanks are the most proven of hydrogen
  storage technologies.
• Carbon-fiber-reinforced.
• Up to 10,000 psi.
• High pressure tanks present safety hazard.
• Concerns over Hydrogen/tank molecular
  interactions lead to embitterment.

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Hydrogen Gas Storage

• Commercially available
• Cannot match gasoline for energy compactness

Energy Density System Density
350 bar 5,000 psi 2.7 MJ/L 1.95 MJ/L
750 bar 10,000 psi 4.7 MJ/L 3.4 MJ/L
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Hydrogen Gas Bulky Storage

• Higher Pressure, more energy per unit volume.
• Gasoline 34.656 MJ/L
• Uncompressed Hydrogen 10.7 kJ/L

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Liquid Hydrogen

• BMW working with on board liquid hydrogen for
  vehicles.
• Likely storage for larger applications such as
  transportation or production storage.
• Highly energy intensive to liquefy.
• Concerns over safety due to extremely cold
  temperatures.

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Liquid Hydrogen

• High Pressure low tempature.
• (22K at 1 ATM)

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Liquefaction of Hydrogen gas

• The Joule-Thompson Cycle
• Energy required is currently 1/3 of the energy
  stored

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Liquid Storage Options

• Non Portable Liquid Hydrogen Storage
• No way to prevent Boil off.
• Spherical Tanks.
• More suited for transportation and non vehicular
  storage.
• 8.4 MJ/L twice the density of compressed H2

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Wrap up DOE Targets
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Metal Hydrides
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Interstitial Hydrogen Absorption
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Temperature and Pressure Range of Various Hydrides
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Metal Hydride Families

• Conventional Metal Hydrides (Naturally
  reversible)
• AB5 most common (NiMH batteries) (1-1.25 rev
  wt)
• AB2 very common (1.3 rev wt)
• AB (TiFe - 1.5 rev wt)
• A2B (Mg2NiH4 - 3.3 rev wt)
• AB3, A2B7
• Complex Hydrides (Naturally irreversible)
• Catalysts and dopants used to destabilize hydride
  phase
• Two types
• Transition Metal
• Mg2FeH6 (5.5 max wt)
• Non-transition metal
• Be(BH4)2 (20.8 max wt)
• NaAlH4 (4.2 rev wt, 5.6 th rev wt) (110C)

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Remaining Issues

• Reversible capacity
• Reaction pressure and temperature
• Absorption/Desorption rates
• Cyclic stability
• Reactive with air and water

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Chemical Hydrides
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Chemical Hydrides

• NaH, LiH, NaAlH4, NaBH4, LiBH4, CaH2
• Advantages/ Disadvantages

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Hydrogen Storage by Physisorption

• Graphite Nanofibers
• Nanotubes
• Zeolites

Henry S Grasshorn Gebhardt
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• The solution for storing hydrogen, some say, is
  to put rocks into your tank.

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Graphite Nanofibers

• Inconsistent results 0.08 wt. to 60 wt.
• Most likely up to 10-13 wt.
• Lots of research needed

(a) Herringbone, (b) Tubular, (c) Platelet
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• Maximum of 15 wt.

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Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

• Giant Molecules
• Length a few microns
• Inner Diameter 2-10 nm
• Outer Diameter 15-30 nm
• Much larger MWNTs have been observed.
• Not much H2 adsorption?

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Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

• Lots of small micropores
• Minimal macroporosity
• High thermal conductivity
• ? Bundled SWNTs

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Where the H2 would be...
Maximum of 8 wt., or, 1 H-atom for every
C-atom.
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Doped Nanotubes

• Transition metals and alloys
• Boron and Nitrogen
• Other elements
• Possibility of tuning the adsorption and
  desorption to the desired temperature.
• Preliminary 1 wt. without optimization.

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Were these really absorption/desorption of water
rather than H2?
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Zeolites

• An ion (Na) serves as a door to micropores
• Lower temp. closed
• Higher temp. open
• Temperature difference is small for some zeolites

Si and Al.
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Hydrogen uptake in Zeolites

• Most of the innumerable zeolites havent been
  studied yet in this respect.
• At least 2 wt.

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Automobiles Testing with Hydrogen Fuel

• Toyota, Ford, BMW, Honda, Nissan, United Nuclear

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Toyota gt FCHV-4

• Vehicle
• Maximum speed 95 mph
• Cruising distance Over 155 miles
• Seating capacity 5 persons
• Fuel cell stack
• Type Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
• Output 120 HP (90 kW)
• Motor
• Type Permanent magnet
• Maximum output 107 HP (80 kW)
• Maximum torque 191 lb-ft (260 Nm)
• Fuel
• Type Pure hydrogen
• Storage method High-pressure hydrogen storage
  tank
• Maximum storage pressure 3,600 PSI
• Secondary battery
•   Nickel-metal hydride battery

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Ford gt Model U

• Performance
• Engine horsepower 118 hp (88 kW) at 4,500
  rpmMHTS assist 33 hp (25 kW) continuous / 46
  hp (35 kW) peakTotal combined horsepower 151 hp
  (113 kW) at 4,500 rpmTorque 154 foot-pounds
  (210 Nm) at 4,000 rpmEstimated fuel economy 45
  miles per kg hydrogen ( to 45 mpg
  gas)Emissions PZEV or better
• Powertrain
• Hydrogen 2.3-liter ICE with supercharging and
  dual-stage intercooling Modular Hybrid
• Transmission System

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BMW gt 745h

• testing with the simple principles of nature
• liquid hydrogen is generated from energy and
  water
• in engines - the hydrogen combusts with oxygen -gt
  returns to water
• cycles through this process to fuel the car

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Honda gt FCX

• ENGINE
• Motor Type AC Synchronous Electric Motor
  (permanent magnet)
• Maximum Output (horsepower) 80
• Fuel Cell Stack Type PEFC (polymer
  electrolyte fuel cell)
• Fuel Cell Maximum Output (kW) 78
• Maximum Speed (mph) 93
• Vehicle Range (miles, EPA mode) 160
• .
• FUEL
• Type Compressed hydrogen gas
• Storage High-pressure hydrogen tank
• Tank Capacity (L) 156.6
• Gas Volume when Full (kg) 3.8
• Maximum Pressure when Full (PSI) 5000.0

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Nissan gt X-TRAIL FCV

• Vehicle
• Seating capacity 5
• Top speed (km/h) 145
• Cruising range (km) Over 350
• Motor
• Type Coaxial motor integrated with reduction
  gear
• Maximum power (kW) 85
• Fuel cell stack
• Fuel cell Solid polymer electrolyte type
• Maximum power (kW) 63
• Supplier UTC Fuel Cells (USA)
• Storage battery
• Type Compact Lithium-ion Battery
• Fueling system
• Fuel type Compressed hydrogen gas
• Max. charging pressure (MPa) 35

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United Nuclear

• took a 1994 Corvette and created a hydrogen fuel
  system
• Driving range is 700 miles per fill with a
  near-zero fuel cost

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United Nuclear

• stores the hydrogen in hydride tanks, which
  absorb the hydrogen like a sponge soaking up
  water
• this is actually a safer storage system than a
  gasoline tank is