Topic B - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 165
About This Presentation
Title:

Topic B

Description:

'Guernica' by Pablo Picaso. 16 April, 1937. The warring factions. Franco The Nationalists ... a UN conference in San Francisco with a charter signed on 26 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:30
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 166
Provided by: ITS8329
Category:
Tags: topic

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Topic B


1
Topic B Global Interaction
2
Collective Security
  • the concept of Collective Security involves the
    creation of an international system in which the
    danger of aggressive warfare by any State is to
    be met by the avowed determination of virtually
    all other States to exert pressure of every
    necessary variety moral, diplomatic, economic,
    and military to frustrate attack on any State.

3
Social 30
Topic B Global Interactions Issues a.
Should individuals, groups and nations pursue
international stability at the expense of
national interests? b. Should international
organizations be used to achieve global
collective security? c. Should nations form
alignments to protect their own interests, or to
further international understanding? d.
Should nations pursue national interests beyond
their boundaries?
Questions a. What motivates nations to take
on particular roles in international affairs? b.
What are the major causes of twentieth century
confrontations? c. What agencies exist to
encourage cooperation among states? d. What role
can an individual or group play in international
affairs? e. How has the power and influence of
nations shifted in the course of the twentieth
century? f. Does the nation-state still have a
role in the global economy?
4
Social 33
Topic B Global
Interaction The 20th Century and Today
Issues a. Should nations ever
go to war? b. To what extent should nations
promote international cooperation and peace? c.
Should individuals/organizations take a more
active role in international affairs? d. To what
extent should national needs and wants override
global welfare?
Questions a. What major
factors influence interaction among nations? b.
How do nations seek to protect and enhance their
own national interests? c. What are the major
consequences of international disputes? d. In
what ways can individuals contribute to resolving
world problems? e. How have nations worked
together to solve problems? f. How can the major
threats to the survival of the global community
be reduced?
5
COMPETING VALUES FOR SOCIAL STUDIES 30/33 TOPIC
B - CONFLICT AND COOPERATION AMONG STATES
Nationalism
Internationalism
6
International Confrontation and Cooperation
  • Setting the Stage

7
How to insure peace in a highly interdependent
world!
  • WW1 ended on the eleventh hour of 11/11/1918, its
    horrors could not be erased.
  • Many on the Allied side demanded revenge
  • The treaties that followed the armistice were
    intended to give long lasting peace
  • Two decades later the world is at war again
  • Why the second world war?
  • Why couldnt major powers keep the peace?
  • Why did the attempt at collective global security
    fail?

8
What caused WW I?
  • Imperialism.
  • The race for colonies in Africa/Asia.
  • Alliances.
  • Triple Entente.
  • France, England, Russia
  • Central Powers
  • Germany/Austria-Hungary
  • Arms race.
  • Esp.. between Ger. U.K. (Dreadnought)
  • Nationalism

9
  • Balkans powder keg.
  • After the defeat of Turkish control in the
    Balkans a power vacuum ensued.
  • The shot that was heard around the world.
  • The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by
    Principe.

10
How did the assassination lead to war?
  • Emperor Franz Joseph wanted to punish the Serbs
    with the approval of the Kaiser.
  • Ten point ultimatum was given to the Serbs which
    would have meant a contravention of their
    national sovereignty.
  • Mobilization of Austrian, German, and Russian
    troops.
  • Preemptive attacks result in every nation in the
    theater getting involved.

11
What lead to the end of WWI?
  • American involvement put massive amount of men
    and material against the Germans.
  • Naval blockade of Germany.
  • Continuos counter-offensive by allies.
  • Food riots in Germany.
  • German generals advise surrender in Nov. 1918. To
    the dismay of many German soldiers - esp.
    infantry dispatcher, Adolf Hitler.

12
Another Treaty Ending WWI
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (June, 1918)
  • 1/3 of pop. Of Russia lost
  • Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia
  • Allowed more German troops to go to the Western
    Front

13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
In Addition
  • War Guilt
  • No Anschluss (German and Austria unification)
  • Huge loses of European area
  • Colonies mandated

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
The Versailles Treaty Negatives/Positives
  • Germany was able to pay the amount asked needed
    access to foreign markets.
  • Created new states that did reflect national
    autonomy.
  • Rebirth of Poland.
  • International body The League of Nations
  • A dictated peace
  • Reparations were exorbitant (33 B).
  • Artificial boundaries separating German people.
  • Polish corridor.

25
  • Wars still continued into 1919 Poland and
    Russia/ Greece and Turkey.
  • League of Nations was weak non-liberal
    democratic nations existed/ boundary disputes.
  • Belgium independent.
  • France gets back Alsace-Lorraine.
  • Expansion of over seas possessions for many of
    the victors.
  • Created the Weimar Republic.

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
Countries believed in NATIONALISM not
INTERNATIONALISM
Not all countries were allowed to join
29
League of (some) Nations
  • 45 signed, but only 23 showed up for first
    meeting.
  • 1920 42 members.
  • 1926-33 Germany.
  • 1934 USSR joined.
  • USA never joined.
  • 1933 Japan leaves Invasion of Manchuria
  • 1937 Italy leaves Ethiopia
  • 1939 USSR expelled attack on Finland.
  • 1939 Spain left Francos Nationalists.

30
France in the Inter-war Period
  • Lost a lot of men and had much of its land
    damaged by the war (1.3 M dead/3 M wounded).
  • Concerned with own security vis-à-vis Germany.
  • Loss loans to Czarist Russia cancelled by
    Bolsheviks.
  • Wanted keep Germany weak.

31
(No Transcript)
32
  • Maginot Line in Northeastern frontier.
  • Made German repayments by accessing world markets
    next to impossible.
  • Little Entente Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and
    Romania. Poland too.
  • Locarno Pact 1925 defined Germanys boundaries
    with Belgium and France demilitarized Rhineland
    give up claims on Alsace-Lorraine.

33
  • In return Germany admitted to the League of
    Nations.
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Renounce war as a
    foreign policy.
  • All of the above created the illusion of
    security. Needed agreement with USSR.

34
(No Transcript)
35
Germany in the Inter-War Period
  • Resented the Versailles Treaty.
  • Military leaders had planted the idea that they
    were betrayed by some political groups by use of
    propaganda.
  • Rapallo agreements (1922) Germans could use
    Russian territory to train in mechanized warfare.
  • Officer corps still intact at end of war.

36
  • This agreement (Rapallo) was kept out of reach of
    the Allied Control Commission.
  • Reichstag was determined to overturn the
    Versailles Treaty.
  • Many attempted coups by right and left wing
    elements, i.e. Spartacist Putsch of 1919
    (communists)the Kapp Putsch of 1920(right wing),
    Beer Hall Putsch 1923 (Hitler).

37
  • Initial reparations were made by the wealthy.
    Never forgave govt.
  • Unable to trade Germany sought foreign loans,
    large influx of currency caused inflation.
  • Civil disorder.
  • French occupy Ruhr.
  • Dawes Plan (24) loans to Germanys industry to
    pay reparations French leave Ruhr.

38
Soviet Union in the Inter-War Period
  • 1923 became the USSR.
  • Thought communism was international till Stalin
    took power.
  • Capitalism was the enemy.
  • Comintern (Communist International) 1919.
  • Relationship with Germany undermined the
    Versailles Treaty.

39
  • Many countries afraid of the Red Scare.
  • Soviets aware of Japanese motions in Manchuria.
  • Joins League of Nations 1934.
  • Mutual assistance treaty w/France 1935.
  • Kicked out of League 1939 for invasion of
    Finland.

40
The US in the Inter-War Period
  • Isolationist.
  • Washington Naval Conference 1921 disarmament
    talks regarding ships.
  • Seeking to control Japans hegemony in East Asia,
    Open Door Policy in China.

41
Japan in the Inter-War Period
  • Imperialist aims.
  • Seeking to check Russian/Soviet expansion into
    Siberia (Vladivostok).
  • Attempts to restrict naval expansion fell apart
    in 1934.
  • The Exclusion Act of 1923 in America and Canada
    was hard on Japanese immigration.

42
  • Four Power Pact. UK, US, France, Japan would
    respect each others sphere of influence in Asia.
  • Japan felt ostracized by other great powers
    because of racial differences.
  • This caused her to seek fame/fortune along racial
    lines
  • 1932 occupy Manchuria.

43
Italy in the Inter-War Period
  • Italy, like Japan, fought on the side of the
    Allies in WWI.
  • Had grievances over peace settlement.
  • Social unrest, inflation, and unemployment.
  • Communist movement.
  • Like Germany there were many disgruntled
    soldiers.
  • Imperial goals/Territorial goals.

44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
Spanish Civil War 1936-39
  • Shades of WWII

57
Guernica by Pablo Picaso
16 April, 1937
58
The warring factions
The Republicans
Franco The Nationalists
  • Supported by
  • Nazi Germany
  • Italy
  • Catholic Church
  • Monarchists
  • Supported by
  • Soviet Union
  • International Brigades
  • Mackenzie-Papineau
  • Abraham Lincoln

59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
World War 2 1939-1945
  • The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil
    is for good men to do nothing.
  • Edmund Burke

62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
  • Phoney war
  • Battle of Britain July to Sept., 1940 repels
    Germany attack. U-boats in the Atlantic.
    Operation Sea Lion proposed Invasion of Britain
  • Barbarossa invasion of Soviet Union by Germany,
    June 22, 1941.
  • El Alamein Nov., 1942. Germans lose in North
    Africa, Allies land in Sicily, summer, 1943.

67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
  • Germans suffer massive losses at Stalingrad,
    February, 1943.
  • June 6, 1944 D-Day. Invasion of Normandy, France.
  • May, 1945, war in Europe is over.

70
(No Transcript)
71
War in Asia/Pacific
  • Japan sensed a need for markets and resources
    after losing trade with US in 1929.
  • Manchuria was her first goal, 1932.
  • Chinese infighting between Maos communists and
    Chiang Kai-Sheks Kumintang or Nationalists did
    little to deter Japanese aims in Manchuria.

72
  • Chiang did approach the League to take action
    against Japan, but to no avail.
  • July 1, 1937, Marco Polo Bridge incident marks
    the beginning of the Pacific War.
  • By 1939 Japan controlled eastern part of China,
    but Chiang would not give up he was being
    supplied from Burma (Burma Road).

73
  • The Japanese were seeking international
    recognition of their interests in Manchuria, and
    a surrender from the Nationalists.
  • The Japanese did not want to fight with the
    Soviets, despite the anti-Comintern pact with
    Germany, they signed a non-aggression treaty with
    Stalin in the spring of 1941.

74
  • Co-Prosperity Sphere Asia for Asians.
  • Britain and US engage in trade embargo with
    Japan.
  • Japan needed oil Burma.
  • This led to her taking on the colonial powers in
    Asia.
  • Preemptive strike against US, Dec. 7, 1941.

75
(No Transcript)
76
(No Transcript)
77
(No Transcript)
78
  • By the summer of 1942 Japanese were in control of
    much of Asia, and were threatening Australia,
    India, and even Alaska.
  • However, they lost heavily at Midway in June, and
    were never to recover.
  • From then on it was a losing war for them in the
    Pacific.

79
  • Soviets enter war against Japanese after fall of
    Germany. Allies were tired of supporting Chiang
    whom they felt was not effective in opposing
    Japanese.
  • Finally on August 6, 1945 a nuclear bomb was
    dropped on Hiroshima, three days later Nagasaki
    was also bombed.
  • Japan surrenders on Aug. 28, 1945.

80
(No Transcript)
81
Post-war Impact of Atomic Bomb
  • Changed the very nature of war
  • Presented the possibility of annihilation of
    humankind
  • US comes to place great strategic reliance on
    atomic bomb
  • War plans emphasize sudden atomic attack against
    USSR to allow time for conventional mobilization
  • US holds atomic monopoly until 1949
  • Huge US-USSR arms race follows
  • Eventually leads to Mutually Assured Destruction
    (1967)
  • Massive retaliation strategy (1954) meant US was
    prepared to respond to Soviet aggression with a
    massive nuclear strike
  • Nuclear weapons prove to not be a reasonable
    option in limited wars

82
World War II Conferences
  • The Beginnings of the UN, the Cold War, and
    International Trade

83
Atlantic Charter Aug. 1941
84
Accomplished
  • Post war world.
  • all men in all lands may live out their lives
    in freedom from fear and want.
  • A system of general security (collective).

85
Casablanca Conference Jan. 1943
86
Accomplished
  • Unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers.

87
Cairo Conference Nov. 1943
88
Accomplished
  • Unconditional surrender of Japan.
  • Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalist China leader (head
    of Kumintang).
  • Independence of Korea.

89
Background to Cold War and Mnemonics
  • Spells TYP
  • Teheran (Nov. 43)
  • Yalta (Feb. 45)
  • Potsdam (Jul. 45)
  • Soviets excluded from Allied Control Council
    after invasion of Italy.

90
  • Fear and paranoia influenced the feeling of all
    participants.
  • Spheres of influence began to be discussed.

91
Goals of Conferences
  • The USSR
  • buffer zone
  • The USA
  • avoid post-war isolationism
  • Free Trade
  • Knew how Stalin felt.
  • Britain
  • Strength of Soviets weakness of UK
  • France should be involved in Germany.

92
Teheran Conference Dec. 1943
93
November 28, 1943 Teheran Conference
  • First meeting between Stalin, Churchill and
    Roosevelt.
  • Agreement on the coordination of the Allied
    landings in France.
  • Soviet offensive from the East.
  • Dissuasions on the USSRs entry into the war
    against Japan.
  • Agreements on Irans independence.

94
Accomplished
  • Allied plans against Germany
  • First for Big Three
  • Soviet involvement against Japan.
  • Irans independence.

95
Yalta Conference Feb. 1945
96
February 4-11, 1945 Yalta Conference
  • Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt and
    Stalin intended to restore European stability
    after Hitlers defeat.
  • Negotiations for post-war settlement including
    the division of Germany, elimination of war
    industries and prosecution of war criminals.

97
  • Dealt with the territorial changes to Poland.
  • Establishment of the United Nations discussed.

98
  • U.S.S.R. joins in war against Japan. This meant
    that their interests in North East Asia would
    need to be assured, especially the securing of
    ice free ports to Pacific, Kurile Islands and
    Southern Sakhalin.
  • Notwithstanding the above two conferences there
    was no unified conception among the occupation
    forces regarding the treatment of Germany.

99
Accomplished
  • European stability.
  • Division of Germany.
  • Prosecution of criminals
  • Poland.
  • UN.
  • USSR against Japan.

100
Potsdam Conference July, 1945
101
July, 1945 Potsdam Conference
  • Meeting in Potsdam, Germany, between Atlee(UK),
    Truman (US) and Stalin.
  • Agreed that a four-powered Allied Control Council
    would rule defeated Germany.
  • Disagreements on post-war settlements and spheres
    of influence.

102
  • Disagreements over the fate of Germany, the
    Polish borders, and future governments in Eastern
    Europe.
  • The beginning of the Cold War.

103
Accomplished
  • Atlee and Truman are new.
  • Four power control over Germany.
  • Disagreements over spheres of influence.
  • Disagreements over Polish question, fate of
    Germany.
  • Cold War begins.

104
Benefits of the War A. Totalitarianism was dead
in Germany, Italy and Japan. B. Cooperation with
the USSR during the war led many to hope for the
relations between the two nations to continue to
improve. C. Isolationism had almost disappeared
from the US. D. Technological advances and
improvements in transportation and communication
were made (including a synthetic rubber). E.
Although the atom's power was unleashed,
potential beneficial usage's were discussed. F.
Penicillin and other anti-bodies were developed,
seriously reducing deaths over the ratio
suffered in other wars primarily due to the
introduction of penicillin, the sulfa drugs, the
introduction of blood plasma and a more
efficient air evacuation plan.
105
  • United Nations was formed to promote
    international cooperation and preserve world
    peace. -- United Nations Charter - 26 June 45
  • (1) Preliminary meetings to discuss a postwar
    international organization were held at Dumbarton
    Oaks near Washington D.C.
  • (2) 24 April 1945 - Delegates from 50 nations
    attended a UN conference in San Francisco with a
    charter signed on 26 June.
  • (3) 28 July - The US Senate ratified the UN
    Charter, 89-2.
  • (4) 10 Jan 46 - first UN session in London
    elected Trygve H. Lie (Norway) Secretary General.
  • (5) Secretary of State Cordell Hull received the
    1945 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in
    establishing this organization.
  • (6) 24 Oct 1949 - UN headquarters building was
    dedicated in NY City, from a Rockefeller grant.

106
(No Transcript)
107
(No Transcript)
108
(No Transcript)
109
(No Transcript)
110
(No Transcript)
111
(No Transcript)
112
(No Transcript)
113
(No Transcript)
114
(No Transcript)
115
(No Transcript)
116
(No Transcript)
117
(No Transcript)
118
(No Transcript)
119
(No Transcript)
120
(No Transcript)
121
The dividing line in Europe was clearly evident
in Berlin, deep in East Germany
122
(No Transcript)
123
(No Transcript)
124
(No Transcript)
125
(No Transcript)
126
(No Transcript)
127
(No Transcript)
128
(No Transcript)
129
(No Transcript)
130
(No Transcript)
131
(No Transcript)
132
(No Transcript)
133
(No Transcript)
134
(No Transcript)
135
(No Transcript)
136
(No Transcript)
137
(No Transcript)
138
(No Transcript)
139
(No Transcript)
140
(No Transcript)
141
(No Transcript)
142
(No Transcript)
143
(No Transcript)
144
War was brought into the home of millions via
television
145
(No Transcript)
146
Many Americans protested their involvement and 4
were killed at Kent State protests
147
New weapons such as napalm (supplied by Canada)
were developed
148
(No Transcript)
149
(No Transcript)
150
(No Transcript)
151
(No Transcript)
152
(No Transcript)
153
(No Transcript)
154
(No Transcript)
155
(No Transcript)
156
(No Transcript)
157
(No Transcript)
158
(No Transcript)
159
(No Transcript)
160
(No Transcript)
161
(No Transcript)
162
The EC, EU, or EEC
  • What it is, and what it means?

163
(No Transcript)
164
Three Pillars
  • European Community
  • Common Foreign and Security Policy
  • Justice and Home Affairs

165
(No Transcript)
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com