Topic B

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Topic B Global Interaction
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Collective Security

• the concept of Collective Security involves the
  creation of an international system in which the
  danger of aggressive warfare by any State is to
  be met by the avowed determination of virtually
  all other States to exert pressure of every
  necessary variety moral, diplomatic, economic,
  and military to frustrate attack on any State.

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Social 30
Topic B Global Interactions Issues a.
Should individuals, groups and nations pursue
international stability at the expense of
national interests? b. Should international
organizations be used to achieve global
collective security? c. Should nations form
alignments to protect their own interests, or to
further international understanding? d.
Should nations pursue national interests beyond
their boundaries?
Questions a. What motivates nations to take
on particular roles in international affairs? b.
What are the major causes of twentieth century
confrontations? c. What agencies exist to
encourage cooperation among states? d. What role
can an individual or group play in international
affairs? e. How has the power and influence of
nations shifted in the course of the twentieth
century? f. Does the nation-state still have a
role in the global economy?
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Social 33
Topic B Global
Interaction The 20th Century and Today
Issues a. Should nations ever
go to war? b. To what extent should nations
promote international cooperation and peace? c.
Should individuals/organizations take a more
active role in international affairs? d. To what
extent should national needs and wants override
global welfare?
Questions a. What major
factors influence interaction among nations? b.
How do nations seek to protect and enhance their
own national interests? c. What are the major
consequences of international disputes? d. In
what ways can individuals contribute to resolving
world problems? e. How have nations worked
together to solve problems? f. How can the major
threats to the survival of the global community
be reduced?
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COMPETING VALUES FOR SOCIAL STUDIES 30/33 TOPIC
B - CONFLICT AND COOPERATION AMONG STATES
Nationalism
Internationalism
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International Confrontation and Cooperation

• Setting the Stage

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How to insure peace in a highly interdependent
world!

• WW1 ended on the eleventh hour of 11/11/1918, its
  horrors could not be erased.
• Many on the Allied side demanded revenge
• The treaties that followed the armistice were
  intended to give long lasting peace
• Two decades later the world is at war again
• Why the second world war?
• Why couldnt major powers keep the peace?
• Why did the attempt at collective global security
  fail?

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What caused WW I?

• Imperialism.
• The race for colonies in Africa/Asia.
• Alliances.
• Triple Entente.
• France, England, Russia
• Central Powers
• Germany/Austria-Hungary
• Arms race.
• Esp.. between Ger. U.K. (Dreadnought)
• Nationalism

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• Balkans powder keg.
• After the defeat of Turkish control in the
  Balkans a power vacuum ensued.
• The shot that was heard around the world.
• The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by
  Principe.

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How did the assassination lead to war?

• Emperor Franz Joseph wanted to punish the Serbs
  with the approval of the Kaiser.
• Ten point ultimatum was given to the Serbs which
  would have meant a contravention of their
  national sovereignty.
• Mobilization of Austrian, German, and Russian
  troops.
• Preemptive attacks result in every nation in the
  theater getting involved.

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What lead to the end of WWI?

• American involvement put massive amount of men
  and material against the Germans.
• Naval blockade of Germany.
• Continuos counter-offensive by allies.
• Food riots in Germany.
• German generals advise surrender in Nov. 1918. To
  the dismay of many German soldiers - esp.
  infantry dispatcher, Adolf Hitler.

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Another Treaty Ending WWI

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (June, 1918)
• 1/3 of pop. Of Russia lost
• Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia
• Allowed more German troops to go to the Western
  Front

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In Addition

• War Guilt
• No Anschluss (German and Austria unification)
• Huge loses of European area
• Colonies mandated

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The Versailles Treaty Negatives/Positives

• Germany was able to pay the amount asked needed
  access to foreign markets.
• Created new states that did reflect national
  autonomy.
• Rebirth of Poland.
• International body The League of Nations

• A dictated peace
• Reparations were exorbitant (33 B).
• Artificial boundaries separating German people.
• Polish corridor.

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• Wars still continued into 1919 Poland and
  Russia/ Greece and Turkey.
• League of Nations was weak non-liberal
  democratic nations existed/ boundary disputes.

• Belgium independent.
• France gets back Alsace-Lorraine.
• Expansion of over seas possessions for many of
  the victors.
• Created the Weimar Republic.

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Countries believed in NATIONALISM not
INTERNATIONALISM
Not all countries were allowed to join
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League of (some) Nations

• 45 signed, but only 23 showed up for first
  meeting.
• 1920 42 members.
• 1926-33 Germany.
• 1934 USSR joined.
• USA never joined.
• 1933 Japan leaves Invasion of Manchuria

• 1937 Italy leaves Ethiopia
• 1939 USSR expelled attack on Finland.
• 1939 Spain left Francos Nationalists.

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France in the Inter-war Period

• Lost a lot of men and had much of its land
  damaged by the war (1.3 M dead/3 M wounded).
• Concerned with own security vis-à-vis Germany.
• Loss loans to Czarist Russia cancelled by
  Bolsheviks.
• Wanted keep Germany weak.

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• Maginot Line in Northeastern frontier.
• Made German repayments by accessing world markets
  next to impossible.
• Little Entente Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and
  Romania. Poland too.
• Locarno Pact 1925 defined Germanys boundaries
  with Belgium and France demilitarized Rhineland
  give up claims on Alsace-Lorraine.

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• In return Germany admitted to the League of
  Nations.
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Renounce war as a
  foreign policy.
• All of the above created the illusion of
  security. Needed agreement with USSR.

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Germany in the Inter-War Period

• Resented the Versailles Treaty.
• Military leaders had planted the idea that they
  were betrayed by some political groups by use of
  propaganda.
• Rapallo agreements (1922) Germans could use
  Russian territory to train in mechanized warfare.
  
• Officer corps still intact at end of war.

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• This agreement (Rapallo) was kept out of reach of
  the Allied Control Commission.
• Reichstag was determined to overturn the
  Versailles Treaty.
• Many attempted coups by right and left wing
  elements, i.e. Spartacist Putsch of 1919
  (communists)the Kapp Putsch of 1920(right wing),
  Beer Hall Putsch 1923 (Hitler).

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• Initial reparations were made by the wealthy.
  Never forgave govt.
• Unable to trade Germany sought foreign loans,
  large influx of currency caused inflation.
• Civil disorder.
• French occupy Ruhr.
• Dawes Plan (24) loans to Germanys industry to
  pay reparations French leave Ruhr.

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Soviet Union in the Inter-War Period

• 1923 became the USSR.
• Thought communism was international till Stalin
  took power.
• Capitalism was the enemy.
• Comintern (Communist International) 1919.
• Relationship with Germany undermined the
  Versailles Treaty.

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• Many countries afraid of the Red Scare.
• Soviets aware of Japanese motions in Manchuria.
• Joins League of Nations 1934.
• Mutual assistance treaty w/France 1935.
• Kicked out of League 1939 for invasion of
  Finland.

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The US in the Inter-War Period

• Isolationist.
• Washington Naval Conference 1921 disarmament
  talks regarding ships.
• Seeking to control Japans hegemony in East Asia,
  Open Door Policy in China.

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Japan in the Inter-War Period

• Imperialist aims.
• Seeking to check Russian/Soviet expansion into
  Siberia (Vladivostok).
• Attempts to restrict naval expansion fell apart
  in 1934.
• The Exclusion Act of 1923 in America and Canada
  was hard on Japanese immigration.

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• Four Power Pact. UK, US, France, Japan would
  respect each others sphere of influence in Asia.
• Japan felt ostracized by other great powers
  because of racial differences.
• This caused her to seek fame/fortune along racial
  lines
• 1932 occupy Manchuria.

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Italy in the Inter-War Period

• Italy, like Japan, fought on the side of the
  Allies in WWI.
• Had grievances over peace settlement.
• Social unrest, inflation, and unemployment.
• Communist movement.
• Like Germany there were many disgruntled
  soldiers.
• Imperial goals/Territorial goals.

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Spanish Civil War 1936-39

• Shades of WWII

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Guernica by Pablo Picaso
16 April, 1937
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The warring factions
The Republicans
Franco The Nationalists

• Supported by
• Nazi Germany
• Italy
• Catholic Church
• Monarchists

• Supported by
• Soviet Union
• International Brigades
• Mackenzie-Papineau
• Abraham Lincoln

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World War 2 1939-1945

• The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil
  is for good men to do nothing.
• Edmund Burke

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• Phoney war
• Battle of Britain July to Sept., 1940 repels
  Germany attack. U-boats in the Atlantic.
  Operation Sea Lion proposed Invasion of Britain
• Barbarossa invasion of Soviet Union by Germany,
  June 22, 1941.
• El Alamein Nov., 1942. Germans lose in North
  Africa, Allies land in Sicily, summer, 1943.

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• Germans suffer massive losses at Stalingrad,
  February, 1943.
• June 6, 1944 D-Day. Invasion of Normandy, France.
• May, 1945, war in Europe is over.

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War in Asia/Pacific

• Japan sensed a need for markets and resources
  after losing trade with US in 1929.
• Manchuria was her first goal, 1932.
• Chinese infighting between Maos communists and
  Chiang Kai-Sheks Kumintang or Nationalists did
  little to deter Japanese aims in Manchuria.

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• Chiang did approach the League to take action
  against Japan, but to no avail.
• July 1, 1937, Marco Polo Bridge incident marks
  the beginning of the Pacific War.
• By 1939 Japan controlled eastern part of China,
  but Chiang would not give up he was being
  supplied from Burma (Burma Road).

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• The Japanese were seeking international
  recognition of their interests in Manchuria, and
  a surrender from the Nationalists.
• The Japanese did not want to fight with the
  Soviets, despite the anti-Comintern pact with
  Germany, they signed a non-aggression treaty with
  Stalin in the spring of 1941.

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• Co-Prosperity Sphere Asia for Asians.
• Britain and US engage in trade embargo with
  Japan.
• Japan needed oil Burma.
• This led to her taking on the colonial powers in
  Asia.
• Preemptive strike against US, Dec. 7, 1941.

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• By the summer of 1942 Japanese were in control of
  much of Asia, and were threatening Australia,
  India, and even Alaska.
• However, they lost heavily at Midway in June, and
  were never to recover.
• From then on it was a losing war for them in the
  Pacific.

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• Soviets enter war against Japanese after fall of
  Germany. Allies were tired of supporting Chiang
  whom they felt was not effective in opposing
  Japanese.
• Finally on August 6, 1945 a nuclear bomb was
  dropped on Hiroshima, three days later Nagasaki
  was also bombed.
• Japan surrenders on Aug. 28, 1945.

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Post-war Impact of Atomic Bomb

• Changed the very nature of war
• Presented the possibility of annihilation of
  humankind
• US comes to place great strategic reliance on
  atomic bomb
• War plans emphasize sudden atomic attack against
  USSR to allow time for conventional mobilization
• US holds atomic monopoly until 1949
• Huge US-USSR arms race follows
• Eventually leads to Mutually Assured Destruction
  (1967)
• Massive retaliation strategy (1954) meant US was
  prepared to respond to Soviet aggression with a
  massive nuclear strike
• Nuclear weapons prove to not be a reasonable
  option in limited wars

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World War II Conferences

• The Beginnings of the UN, the Cold War, and
  International Trade

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Atlantic Charter Aug. 1941
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Accomplished

• Post war world.
• all men in all lands may live out their lives
  in freedom from fear and want.
• A system of general security (collective).

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Casablanca Conference Jan. 1943
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Accomplished

• Unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers.

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Cairo Conference Nov. 1943
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Accomplished

• Unconditional surrender of Japan.
• Chiang Kai-shek, Nationalist China leader (head
  of Kumintang).
• Independence of Korea.

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Background to Cold War and Mnemonics

• Spells TYP
• Teheran (Nov. 43)
• Yalta (Feb. 45)
• Potsdam (Jul. 45)
• Soviets excluded from Allied Control Council
  after invasion of Italy.

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• Fear and paranoia influenced the feeling of all
  participants.
• Spheres of influence began to be discussed.

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Goals of Conferences

• The USSR
• buffer zone
• The USA
• avoid post-war isolationism
• Free Trade
• Knew how Stalin felt.
• Britain
• Strength of Soviets weakness of UK
• France should be involved in Germany.

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Teheran Conference Dec. 1943
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November 28, 1943 Teheran Conference

• First meeting between Stalin, Churchill and
  Roosevelt.
• Agreement on the coordination of the Allied
  landings in France.
• Soviet offensive from the East.
• Dissuasions on the USSRs entry into the war
  against Japan.
• Agreements on Irans independence.

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Accomplished

• Allied plans against Germany
• First for Big Three
• Soviet involvement against Japan.
• Irans independence.

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Yalta Conference Feb. 1945
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February 4-11, 1945 Yalta Conference

• Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt and
  Stalin intended to restore European stability
  after Hitlers defeat.
• Negotiations for post-war settlement including
  the division of Germany, elimination of war
  industries and prosecution of war criminals.

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• Dealt with the territorial changes to Poland.
• Establishment of the United Nations discussed.

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• U.S.S.R. joins in war against Japan. This meant
  that their interests in North East Asia would
  need to be assured, especially the securing of
  ice free ports to Pacific, Kurile Islands and
  Southern Sakhalin.
• Notwithstanding the above two conferences there
  was no unified conception among the occupation
  forces regarding the treatment of Germany.

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Accomplished

• European stability.
• Division of Germany.
• Prosecution of criminals
• Poland.
• UN.
• USSR against Japan.

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Potsdam Conference July, 1945
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July, 1945 Potsdam Conference

• Meeting in Potsdam, Germany, between Atlee(UK),
  Truman (US) and Stalin.
• Agreed that a four-powered Allied Control Council
  would rule defeated Germany.
• Disagreements on post-war settlements and spheres
  of influence.

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• Disagreements over the fate of Germany, the
  Polish borders, and future governments in Eastern
  Europe.
• The beginning of the Cold War.

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Accomplished

• Atlee and Truman are new.
• Four power control over Germany.
• Disagreements over spheres of influence.
• Disagreements over Polish question, fate of
  Germany.
• Cold War begins.

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Benefits of the War A. Totalitarianism was dead
in Germany, Italy and Japan. B. Cooperation with
the USSR during the war led many to hope for the
relations between the two nations to continue to
improve. C. Isolationism had almost disappeared
from the US. D. Technological advances and
improvements in transportation and communication
were made (including a synthetic rubber). E.
Although the atom's power was unleashed,
potential beneficial usage's were discussed. F.
Penicillin and other anti-bodies were developed,
seriously reducing deaths over the ratio
suffered in other wars primarily due to the
introduction of penicillin, the sulfa drugs, the
introduction of blood plasma and a more
efficient air evacuation plan.
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• United Nations was formed to promote
  international cooperation and preserve world
  peace. -- United Nations Charter - 26 June 45
• (1) Preliminary meetings to discuss a postwar
  international organization were held at Dumbarton
  Oaks near Washington D.C.
• (2) 24 April 1945 - Delegates from 50 nations
  attended a UN conference in San Francisco with a
  charter signed on 26 June.
• (3) 28 July - The US Senate ratified the UN
  Charter, 89-2.
• (4) 10 Jan 46 - first UN session in London
  elected Trygve H. Lie (Norway) Secretary General.
• (5) Secretary of State Cordell Hull received the
  1945 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in
  establishing this organization.
• (6) 24 Oct 1949 - UN headquarters building was
  dedicated in NY City, from a Rockefeller grant.

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The dividing line in Europe was clearly evident
in Berlin, deep in East Germany
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War was brought into the home of millions via
television
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Many Americans protested their involvement and 4
were killed at Kent State protests
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New weapons such as napalm (supplied by Canada)
were developed
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The EC, EU, or EEC

• What it is, and what it means?

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Three Pillars

• European Community
• Common Foreign and Security Policy
• Justice and Home Affairs

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