Choose Your Side

1
Choose Your Side
How is it that the inexperienced, poorly trained
fighting forces of the thirteen independent
colonies were able to defeat the worlds
greatest, land and sea, military power in the
Revolutionary War?
To answer this question, you must first choose a
side of the conflict. Would you like to take
command of the British powerhouse or the colonial
underdogs? To undertake this mission, click on
the picture of the general that you have chosen.
You will begin your command with a short
intelligence briefing to catch you up on the
local events.
2
You have stepped back in time. Its April 18,
1775, the eve before the first unofficial battle
of the Revolutionary War. Congratulations,
General Gage has just appointed you to lead the
British militia in getting control and
disciplining the unruly and rebellious colonists.
As you navigate your way through the battles
below, consider the intelligence gathered about
the current situation to help you make a decision
about whether to attack those rascally colonists
or regroup, plan and save your forces for another
skirmish. Weigh your options carefully.
Second, record the decisions you make and the
actual results from each battle on the worksheet
provided. Good luck getting those unruly
colonists under control.
After the final battle, you will need to analyze
the pre-battle intelligence learned, your
recorded choices and the results of the actual
battles. Use this information to write a
supported essay explaining how the colonists were
able to win this war.
3
You have stepped back in time. Its April 18,
1775, the eve before the first unofficial battle
of the Revolutionary War. Congratulations, the
Continental Congress has appointed you to lead
the colonial troops in defending our land and
overthrowing the British militia to gain the
independence to live as you feel.
As you navigate your way through the battles
below, think carefully about the intelligence you
gathered from colonial spies about the British
movements. Use it to help you make a decision
about whether to attack the Redcoats or regroup,
plan and save your munitions for another
skirmish. Weigh your options carefully.
Second, record the decisions you make and the
actual results from each battle on the worksheet
provided. Good luck ousting those Redcoats from
the colonies.
After the final battle, you will need to analyze
the pre-battle intelligence learned, your
recorded choices and the results of the actual
battles. Use this information to write a
supported essay explaining how the colonists were
able to win this war
4
Lexington, Massachusetts
April 19, 1775
General Gage has been cautious in provoking the
American rebels. However, he has received
intelligence insinuating that two of the patriot
leaders, John Hancock and Sam Adams, are hiding
in the quiet town of Lexington. It is your duty,
as general, to find and apprehend these
troublemakers and thus end the trouble brewing in
this most rebellious of the colonies. What will
you do?
5
Lexington, Massachusetts
April 19, 1775
You have received word from patriots that the
British troops have gathered and planning an
attack on Lexington. Your minutemen are prepared
and waiting for a signal. What will you do?
6
What really happened in Lexington?
Your decision was similar to that of General Gage
who led his troops, through the night, to
Lexington. He was hoping to surprise the patriots
and put a quick end to the rebellion.
Unfortunately, colonial spies were tracking the
advancing army. They alarmed Adams and Hancock of
the impending clash. Seventy armed militia, led
by colonist Captain John Parker, met the British
soldiers on the village green at dawn.
A shot rang out and the British began firing. No
one knows to this day who fired the first shot
but eight Americans were killed and ten were
wounded.
7
What really happened in Lexington?
You chose to play it safe and wait for more
information. However, in history, General Gage
advanced his troops, through the night, to
Lexington, hoping to surprise the patriots and
put a quick end to the rebellion.
Unfortunately, colonial spies were tracking the
advancing army. They alarmed Adams and Hancock of
the impending clash. Seventy armed militia, led
by colonist Captain John Parker, met the British
soldiers on the village green at dawn.
A shot rang out and the British began firing. No
one knows to this day who fired the first shot
but eight Americans were killed and ten were
wounded.
8
What really happened in Lexington?
Your decision was similar to that of Captain
Parker who chose to stand his ground and fight if
necessary.
Riders arrived in Lexington just after midnight
and delivered the news of the British troop
movement. This enabled Captain Parker to gather
his troops. Seventy armed minutemen were waiting
for the British, on the village green, when they
arrived at dawn.
A shot rang out and the British began firing. No
one knows to this day who fired the first shot
but eight Americans were killed and ten were
wounded.
9
What really happened in Lexington?
Your decision to wait was not the one that
Captain Parker made on April 19, 1775. On that
fateful day, he chose to stand his ground and
fight if necessary.
Riders arrived in Lexington just after midnight
and delivered the news of the British troop
movement. This enabled Captain Parker to gather
his troops and wait for the British on the
village green when they arrived at dawn.
A shot rang out and the British began firing. No
one knows to this day who fired the first shot
but eight Americans were killed and ten were
wounded.
10
Concord, Massachusetts
April 19, 1775
When General Gage sent you out, he had two
outcomes in mind, one in Lexington and the other
in the nearby city of Concord. In Concord, the
patriots are known to have an arsenal of
gunpowder. General Gage wants this taken care of.
What will you do?
11
Concord, Massachusetts
April 19, 1775
Patriot riders have just come through town
announcing that General Gages troops have
marched through Lexington and are on their way to
Concord. They are after the arsenal of gunpowder.
What will you do?
12
What really happened in Concord?
General Gage indeed continued his troops marching
towards Concord, believing he could end the
rebellion with a show of force and crushing the
center of the resistance.
On April 19, 1775, due to the determination of
the patriots who rode to warn the minutemen,
4,000 soldiers in Concord were waiting for the
British troops to arrive. Unfortunately for
General Gage, the patriots had a strategic leader
on their side. Instead of meeting the troops out
in the open, they stayed hidden amongst the rocks
and trees along the road from Concord back
through Lexington.
As the British troops tried to cross the North
Bridge leading out of Concord, the colonists used
guerilla tactics learned from the Native
Americans to fight the British troops. The
British troops had no choice but to retreat back
to Boston. The final results listed 73 Redcoats
dead, 174 wounded and 26 missing while only 49
Americans were dead, 41 wounded and 5 missing.
This victory lifted the patriots spirits leaving
them optimistic in their endeavors.
13
What really happened in Concord?
It is always good to stop and think, and in this
case, some slight hesitation might have saved the
British militia a great many lives.
On April 19, 1775, due to the determination of
the patriots who rode to warn the minutemen,
4,000 soldiers in Concord were waiting for the
British troops to arrive. Unfortunately for
General Gage, the patriots had a strategic leader
on their side. Instead of meeting the troops out
in the open, they stayed hidden amongst the rocks
and trees along the road from Concord back
through Lexington.
As the British troops tried to cross the North
Bridge leading out of Concord, the colonists used
guerilla tactics learned from the Native
Americans to fight the British troops. The
British troops had no choice but to retreat back
to Boston. The final results listed 73 Redcoats
dead, 174 wounded and 26 missing while only 49
Americans were dead, 41 wounded and 5 missing.
This victory lifted the patriots spirits leaving
them optimistic in their endeavors.
14
What really happened in Concord?
Meeting the British militia was exactly what the
Continental Army did. In great part, it was the
determination of the patriots who rode to warn
the minutemen that saved the day. Four thousand
soldiers were ready and waiting for the British
troops to arrive. Fortunately, they had a
strategic leader on their side. Instead of
meeting the troops out in the open, they stayed
hidden amongst the rocks and trees along the road
from Concord back through Lexington.
As the British troops tried to cross the North
Bridge leading out of Concord, the colonists used
guerilla tactics learned from the Native
Americans to fight the British troops. The
British troops had no choice but to retreat back
to Boston. The final results listed 73 Redcoats
dead, 174 wounded and 26 missing while only 49
Americans were dead, 41 wounded and 5 missing.
This victory lifted the patriots spirits leaving
them optimistic in their endeavors.
15
What really happened in Concord?
It is always good to stop and think, but in this
case, hesitation might have cost the patriots one
of their few early victories.
On April 19, 1775, due to the determination of
the patriots who rode to warn the minutemen,
4,000 soldiers in Concord were waiting for the
British troops to arrive. Fortunately, they had a
strategic leader on their side. Instead of
meeting the troops out in the open, they stayed
hidden amongst the rocks and trees along the road
from Concord back through Lexington.
As the British troops tried to cross the North
Bridge leading out of Concord, the colonists used
guerilla tactics learned from the Native
Americans to fight the British troops. The
British troops had no choice but to retreat back
to Boston. The final results listed 73 Redcoats
dead, 174 wounded and 26 missing while only 49
Americans were dead, 41 wounded and 5 missing.
This victory lifted the patriots spirits leaving
them optimistic in their endeavors.
16
Bunker Hill, Massachusetts
June 17, 1775
British troops set up in Boston have heard rumors
about patriot activities on Breeds Hill
overlooking the city. General Clinton advises you
to launch an immense attack on the Americans
position on Breeds Hill at dawn. General Gage
believes these reports are exaggerated and wants
to wait for daylight. What will you do?
17
Bunker Hill, Massachusetts
June 17, 1775
Patriots have been arriving on Breeds Hill
overlooking the city of Boston where the British
militia is headquartered. Intelligence has
informed you that General Gage is still
determined to show the rebels his force to deter
other colonies from joining in the rebellion. He
has plans to attack your position on Breeds
Hill. What will you do?
18
What really happened at Bunker Hill?
You may have been wiser than General Gage who
waited until daylight only to discover that the
noises he had heard in the night were indeed
patriot reinforcements who were now in good
position on Breeds Hill. Breeds Hill was the
actual location of this battle. Bunker Hill,
which was located close to Breeds Hill, was
inaccurately recorded as the site of the first
battle of the Revolutionary War.
American troops are dug in along the high ground
of Breed's Hill. 2,000 British soldiers who
stormed up the hill to meet General Prescotts
1,000 patriots. The Americans were ordered not to
fire until they could see "the whites of their
eyes, to keep from wasting low reserves of
ammunition. The Americans let loose a deadly
volley of rifle fire and halted the British
advance, twice. However, a third attack succeeded
as the Americans ran out of ammunition.
continue for more facts
19
What really happened at Bunker Hill? continued
The British succeed in taking the hill, but at a
loss of half their force, over a thousand
casualties, More than 1,000 British soldiers end
up dead or wounded while the Americans lost only
about 400, but this did include an important
colonial leader, General Joseph Warren.
The patriots show that they are not intimidated
by the huge numbers of red-coated soldiers. Gen.
William Howe was sent to replace the ineffective
General Gage, as commander of the British forces.
General Washington arrived at Cambridge and
formally took charge of the Colonial Army and
began a rigorous program to discipline the
Americans.
20
What really happened at Bunker Hill?
You like General Gage, who waited until daylight
only to discover that the noises he had heard in
the night were indeed patriot reinforcements who
were now in good position on Breeds Hill, might
have made a costly decision in hesitating.
Breeds Hill was the actual location of this
battle. Bunker Hill, which was located close to
Breeds Hill, was inaccurately recorded as the
site of the first battle of the Revolutionary War.
American troops are dug in along the high ground
of Breed's Hill. 2,000 British soldiers who
stormed up the hill to meet General Prescotts
1,000 patriots. The Americans were ordered not to
fire until they could see "the whites of their
eyes, to keep from wasting low reserves of
ammunition. The Americans let loose a deadly
volley of rifle fire and halted the British
advance, twice. However, a third attack succeeded
as the Americans ran out of ammunition.
continue for more facts
21
What really happened at Bunker Hill? continued
The British succeed in taking the hill, but at a
loss of half their force, over a thousand
casualties, More than 1,000 British soldiers end
up dead or wounded while the Americans lost only
about 400, but this did include an important
colonial leader, General Joseph Warren.
The patriots show that they are not intimidated
by the huge numbers of red-coated soldiers. Gen.
William Howe was sent to replace the ineffective
General Gage, as commander of the British forces.
General Washington arrived at Cambridge and
formally took charge of the Colonial Army and
began a rigorous program to discipline the
Americans.
22
What really happened at Bunker Hill?
You may have been a little quick on this one.
Patriot reinforcements arrived overnight and you
were in good position on Breeds Hill. General
Prescott ordered for General Putnam to fortify
Bunker Hill as well. The troops were order to
wait until fired upon, not attack, so they could
reserve the ammunition they had. Breeds Hill was
the actual location of this battle. Bunker Hill,
which was located close to Breeds Hill, was
inaccurately recorded as the site of the first
battle of the Revolutionary War.
American troops are dug in along the high ground
of Breed's Hill. 2,000 British soldiers who
stormed up the hill to meet General Prescotts
1,000 patriots. The Americans were ordered not to
fire until they could see "the whites of their
eyes, to keep from wasting low reserves of
ammunition. The Americans let loose a deadly
volley of rifle fire and halted the British
advance, twice. However, a third attack succeeded
as the Americans ran out of ammunition.
continue for more facts
23
What really happened at Bunker Hill?continued
The British succeed in taking the hill, but at a
loss of half their force, over a thousand
casualties, More than 1,000 British soldiers end
up dead or wounded while the Americans lost only
about 400, but this did include an important
colonial leader, General Joseph Warren.
The patriots show that they are not intimidated
by the huge numbers of red-coated soldiers. Gen.
William Howe was sent to replace the ineffective
General Gage, as commander of the British forces.
General Washington arrived at Cambridge and
formally took charge of the Colonial Army and
began a rigorous program to discipline the
Americans.
24
What really happened at Bunker Hill?
Good call. Patriot reinforcements arrived
overnight and you were in good position on
Breeds Hill. General Prescott ordered for
General Putnam to fortify Bunker Hill as well.
The troops were order to wait until fired upon,
not attack so they could reserve the ammunition
they had. Breeds Hill was the actual location of
this battle. Bunker Hill, which was located close
to Breeds Hill, was inaccurately recorded as the
site of the first battle of the Revolutionary War.
American troops are dug in along the high ground
of Breed's Hill. 2,000 British soldiers who
stormed up the hill to meet General Prescotts
1,000 patriots. The Americans were ordered not to
fire until they could see "the whites of their
eyes, to keep from wasting low reserves of
ammunition. The Americans let loose a deadly
volley of rifle fire and halted the British
advance, twice. However, a third attack succeeded
as the Americans ran out of ammunition.
continue for more facts
25
What really happened at Bunker Hill?continued
The British succeed in taking the hill, but at a
loss of half their force, over a thousand
casualties, More than 1,000 British soldiers end
up dead or wounded while the Americans lost only
about 400, but this did include an important
colonial leader, General Joseph Warren.
The patriots show that they are not intimidated
by the huge numbers of red-coated soldiers. Gen.
William Howe was sent to replace the ineffective
General Gage, as commander of the British forces.
General Washington arrived at Cambridge and
formally took charge of the Colonial Army and
began a rigorous program to discipline the
Americans.
26
Trenton,New Jersey
December 26. 1776
The Hessian forces hired to fight for the British
government are protecting Trenton, New Jersey,
which is located just outside of New York where
the British militia are headquartered. Cornwallis
is headed to Trenton with 6,000 troops. The plan
is to cross the Delaware and attack Washingtons
troops while they have nowhere to run, but it is
late and the weather is bad. What will you do?
27
Trenton,New Jersey
December 26. 1776
The British have begun assembling one of the
largest naval and military forces you have ever
seen in North America in New York. The front
lines of the British were occupied by Hessians
troops who held positions along the Delaware
River opposite Washington's troops in
Pennsylvania. On Christmas night, General
Washington, camped by the Delaware River, figured
out a plan he thought would bring victory. He
wants you to cross the Delaware River and attack
the Trenton garrison. This will give you access
to New York, the British troops headquarters.
What will you do?
28
What really happened at Trenton?
Colonel Ralls troops were German militia, called
Hessians, being being paid by King George III to
fight for the British cause in the colonies. The
Hessians didn't really care who won the War, as
long as they got paid so they didn't always fight
as hard as they could have.
Your decision to attack Washingtons troops might
have been the call to make. Unfortunately, this
was not what happened. The decision was that no
patrol was needed along the river that night as
weather conditions were too bad and Washington
would not dare to cross.
However, on Christmas night, Washington lead a
group of 2,400 troops across the Delaware.
Despite the ice floating down the river,
Washington succeeded in crossing the river and
leading his men and their artillery ashore. He
achieved a complete surprise against the Hessians
at a few minutes before 800am, Washingtons
troops converged on the Trenton garrison.
continue for more facts
29
What really happened at Trenton? continued
The Americans set up 18 artillery along the
streets of the city. As the Hessians who had been
up late celebrating Christmas took to the
streets, they were struck down. In the damp
weather, their muskets did not work very well,
but artillery could be fired in any weather.
The British commander, Colonel Rall, was killed
and within an hour, the battle was over.
Twenty-two Hessians were dead, 98 were wounded
and almost a thousand were being held prisoner
while only four Americans were wounded. Another
spirit raising victory for the American colonists
who were losing faith and hope of winning their
freedom.
30
What really happened at Trenton?
Colonel Ralls troops were German militia, called
Hessians, being being paid by King George III to
fight for the British cause in the colonies. The
Hessians didn't really care who won the War, as
long as they got paid so they didn't always fight
as hard as they could have.
Your decision to wait to attack Washingtons
troops was the same one that was made by the
British and Hessians in 1776. The decision was
that no patrol was needed along the river that
night as weather conditions were too bad and
Washington would not dare to cross.
However, on Christmas night, Washington lead a
group of 2,400 troops across the Delaware.
Despite the ice floating down the river,
Washington succeeded in crossing the river and
leading his men and their artillery ashore. He
achieved a complete surprise against the Hessians
at a few minutes before 800am, Washingtons
troops converged on the Trenton garrison.
continue for more facts
31
What really happened at Trenton? continued
The Americans set up 18 artillery along the
streets of the city. As the Hessians who had been
up late celebrating Christmas took to the
streets, they were struck down. In the damp
weather, their muskets did not work very well,
but artillery could be fired in any weather.
The British commander, Colonel Rall, was killed
and within an hour, the battle was over.
Twenty-two Hessians were dead, 98 were wounded
and almost a thousand were being held prisoner
while only four Americans were wounded. Another
spirit raising victory for the American colonists
who were losing faith and hope of winning their
freedom.
32
What really happened at Trenton?
Colonel Ralls troops were German militia, called
Hessians, being being paid by King George III to
fight for the British cause in the colonies. The
Hessians didn't really care who won the War, as
long as they got paid so they didn't always fight
as hard as they could have.
You decided to brave the weather and did exactly
what General Washington did. Despite his defeats
in New York, Washington was not willing to sit
idly by while the British occupied all of New
Jersey.
On Christmas night, Washington lead a group of
2,400 troops across the Delaware. Despite the ice
floating down the river, Washington succeeded in
crossing the river and leading his men and their
artillery ashore. He achieved a complete surprise
against the Hessians at a few minutes before
800am, Washingtons troops converged on the
Trenton garrison.
continue for more facts
33
What really happened at Trenton? continued
The Americans set up 18 artillery along the
streets of the city. As the Hessians who had been
up late celebrating Christmas took to the
streets, they were struck down. In the damp
weather, their muskets did not work very well,
but artillery could be fired in any weather.
The British commander, Colonel Rall, was killed
and within an hour, the battle was over.
Twenty-two Hessians were dead, 98 were wounded
and almost a thousand were being held prisoner
while only four Americans were wounded. Another
spirit raising victory for the American colonists
who were losing faith and hope of winning their
freedom.
34
What really happened at Trenton?
Colonel Ralls troops were German militia, called
Hessians, being being paid by King George III to
fight for the British cause in the colonies. The
Hessians didn't really care who won the War, as
long as they got paid so they didn't always fight
as hard as they could have.
Your hesitation might have cost the Continental
Army a big victory. Despite his defeats in New
York, Washington was not willing to sit idly by
while the British occupied all of New Jersey.
On Christmas night, Washington did lead a group
of 2,400 troops across the Delaware. Despite the
ice floating down the river, Washington succeeded
in crossing the river and leading his men and
their artillery ashore. He achieved a complete
surprise against the Hessians at a few minutes
before 800am, Washingtons troops converged on
the Trenton garrison.
continue for more facts
35
What really happened at Trenton? continued
The Americans set up 18 artillery along the
streets of the city. As the Hessians who had been
up late celebrating Christmas took to the
streets, they were struck down. In the damp
weather, their muskets did not work very well,
but artillery could be fired in any weather.
The British commander, Colonel Rall, was killed
and within an hour, the battle was over.
Twenty-two Hessians were dead, 98 were wounded
and almost a thousand were being held prisoner
while only four Americans were wounded. Another
spirit raising victory for the American colonists
who were losing faith and hope of winning their
freedom.
36
Saratoga, New York
October 17, 1777
Early in morning of the 13th of September,
General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, heading
towards Albany. He was down to 6,500 troops.
General Gates troops are nearby but General
Burgoyne was handicapped by his limited knowledge
of the exact positions What will you do?
37
Saratoga, New York
October 17, 1777
Early in morning of the 19th of September, the
British troops were moving. The Americans became
aware of the British movements. General Arnold
and General Gates cant seem to agree on whether
or not to send your force out from the
fortification to determine British intentions.
What will you do?
38
What really happened at Saratoga?
You made a similar decision to that of General
John Burgoyne's. His attempt to separate the
rebellious New England colonies from those
farther south ended in a spectacular failure.
The Battle at Saratoga was actually two battles,
the first is referred to as Freeman's Farm
Battle. This battle was considered a tie but, the
British lost two soldiers for every one American.
The second Battle, known as the Battle of Bemis
Heights, was an overwhelming patriot victory.
British losses were four to one including seven
British generals.
Benedict Arnold, who had not yet turned traitor,
and General Horatio Gates were the leaders of the
American offensive, which forced the surrender of
6,000 British troops under General John Burgoyne.
After many negotiations, Burgoyne officially
surrendered on October 17. He returned to England
in disgrace, and was never given another command.
continue for more facts
39
What really happened at Saratoga? continued
This battle was considered a turning point in the
war. When news of the American victory reached
Europe, France and Spain decided that the
American rebels were serious and powerful enough
to actually win the war. France entered the war
on the side of the patriots. Money and supplies
flowed to the American cause, providing
Washington's Continental Army with the support
necessary to continue its fight against Great
Britain.
40
What really happened at Saratoga?
Your decision could have changed the events of
this battle. General John Burgoyne's was anxious
to separate the rebellious New England colonies
from those farther south. His decision ended in a
spectacular failure.
The Battle at Saratoga was actually two battles,
the first is referred to as Freeman's Farm
Battle. This battle was considered a tie but, the
British lost two soldiers for every one American.
The second Battle, known as the Battle of Bemis
Heights, was an overwhelming patriot victory.
British losses were four to one including seven
British generals.
Benedict Arnold, who had not yet turned traitor,
and General Horatio Gates were the leaders of the
American offensive, which forced the surrender of
6,000 British troops under General John Burgoyne.
After many negotiations, Burgoyne officially
surrendered on October 17. He returned to England
in disgrace, and was never given another command.
continue for more facts
41
What really happened at Saratoga? continued
This battle was considered a turning point in the
war. When news of the American victory reached
Europe, France and Spain decided that the
American rebels were serious and powerful enough
to actually win the war. France entered the war
on the side of the patriots. Money and supplies
flowed to the American cause, providing
Washington's Continental Army with the support
necessary to continue its fight against Great
Britain.
42
What really happened at Saratoga?
You decided similarly to General Arnold, who had
yet to turn on the American cause. He and General
Gates did not agree on what course of action to
take, but General Arnold, seeing a moment, chose
to attack General Burgoynes troops.
The Battle at Saratoga was actually two battles
under the supervision of General Benedict Arnold
and General Horatio Gates. The first is referred
to as Freeman's Farm Battle. This battle was
considered a tie but, the British lost two
soldiers for every one American. The second
Battle, known as the Battle of Bemis Heights, was
an overwhelming patriot victory. British losses
were four to one including seven British
generals.
continue for more facts
43
What really happened at Saratoga? continued
General John Burgoyne's attempt to separate the
rebellious New England colonies from those
farther south ended in a spectacular failure
which ended with the surrender of 6,000 British
troops. After many negotiations, Burgoyne
officially surrendered on October 17. He returned
to England in disgrace, and was never given
another command.
This battle was considered a turning point in the
war. When news of the American victory reached
Europe, France and Spain decided that the
American rebels were serious and powerful enough
to actually win the war. France entered the war
on the side of the patriots. Money and supplies
flowed to the American cause, providing
Washington's Continental Army with the support
necessary to continue its fight against Great
Britain.
44
What really happened at Saratoga?
You decided similarly to General Arnold, who had
yet to turn on the American cause. He and General
Gates did not agree on what course of action to
take, but General Arnold, seeing a moment, chose
to attack General Burgoynes troops.
The Battle at Saratoga was actually two battles
under the supervision of General Benedict Arnold
and General Horatio Gates. The first is referred
to as Freeman's Farm Battle. This battle was
considered a tie but, the British lost two
soldiers for every one American. The second
Battle, known as the Battle of Bemis Heights, was
an overwhelming patriot victory. British losses
were four to one including seven British
generals.
continue for more facts
45
What really happened at Saratoga? continued
General John Burgoyne's attempt to separate the
rebellious New England colonies from those
farther south ended in a spectacular failure
which ended with the surrender of 6,000 British
troops. After many negotiations, Burgoyne
officially surrendered on October 17. He returned
to England in disgrace, and was never given
another command.
This battle was considered a turning point in the
war. When news of the American victory reached
Europe, France and Spain decided that the
American rebels were serious and powerful enough
to actually win the war. France entered the war
on the side of the patriots. Money and supplies
flowed to the American cause, providing
Washington's Continental Army with the support
necessary to continue its fight against Great
Britain.
46
Yorktown, Virginia
October 19, 1781
General Cornwallis has learned that the French
Admiral, de Grasse, is sailing to Virginia to
prevent his army from leaving Yorktown.
Washington and French General Rochambeaus troops
are stationed outside Yorktown. Do you wait and
become trapped or attack and escape right through
their troops?
47
Yorktown, Virginia
October 19, 1781
Washington has learned that the French Admiral,
de Grasse, was sailing to Virginia to prevent the
British army from leaving Yorktown. He and French
General rush their troops toward Yorktown to trap
them over land. Do you wait and keep them from
escaping or attack?
48
What really happened at Yorktown?
The British were outnumbered and had hardly any
food. General Cornwallis saw no point in putting
his men at risk. Maybe your decision would have
ended things differently.
Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton delivered a
letter from General Washington to General
Cornwallis. Washington wrote that he wanted to
stop the "useless effusion of blood." General
Cornwallis realized there was no hope for his
army. On October 17th the British sent a fleet
from New York to help General Cornwallis and his
men, but by that time it was too late.
On October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis and his
7,157 men officially surrendered. Cornwallis was
so badly humiliated by the defeat that he did not
attend the surrender ceremony. Instead General
O'Hara presented the sword of surrender to the
French general, as if to snub the Americans.
This was the last official battle of the War but
there were still some minor fights occurring in
the south, where there were many loyalists, and
there were battles occurring on the Atlantic
Ocean, near England.
continue for more facts
49
What really happened at Yorktown?
Yorktown was a great victory, but it was not
conclusive. The British militia still occupied
New York City, Wilmington, Charleston, and
Savannah and the Continental Army had no
immediate plans to retake these cities. However,
the British were hard pressed by years of war,
and the government in London saw that it would be
difficult to replace Cornwallis' army. The
British citizens had also reached their limit, of
paying taxes to support the American war.
The British government, realizing that the costs
of the war were greater than the potential gain,
entered into peace negotiations, with Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in April,
1782. The Treaty of Paris was signed in
September, 1783, and officially ended the war.
This treaty recognized the American independence,
and made the Mississippi River the new nation's
western border. Britain was allowed to retain
Canada and they returned Florida to Spain.
American independence, virtually unthinkable in
1763, had been achieved.
50
What really happened at Yorktown?
The British were outnumbered and had hardly any
food. General Cornwallis saw no point in putting
his men at risk. It looks like you made a similar
decision.
Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton delivered a
letter from General Washington to General
Cornwallis. Washington wrote that he wanted to
stop the "useless effusion of blood." General
Cornwallis realized there was no hope for his
army. On October 17th the British sent a fleet
from New York to help General Cornwallis and his
men, but by that time it was too late.
On October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis and his
7,157 men officially surrendered. Cornwallis was
so badly humiliated by the defeat that he did not
attend the surrender ceremony. Instead General
O'Hara presented the sword of surrender to the
French general, as if to snub the Americans.
This was the last official battle of the War but
there were still some minor fights occurring in
the south, where there were many loyalists, and
there were battles occurring on the Atlantic
Ocean, near England.
continue for more facts
51
What really happened at Yorktown? continued
Yorktown was a great victory, but it was not
conclusive. The British militia still occupied
New York City, Wilmington, Charleston, and
Savannah and the Continental Army had no
immediate plans to retake these cities. However,
the British were hard pressed by years of war,
and the government in London saw that it would be
difficult to replace Cornwallis' army. The
British citizens had also reached their limit, of
paying taxes to support the American war.
The British government, realizing that the costs
of the war were greater than the potential gain,
entered into peace negotiations, with Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in April,
1782. The Treaty of Paris was signed in
September, 1783, and officially ended the war.
This treaty recognized the American independence,
and made the Mississippi River the new nation's
western border. Britain was allowed to retain
Canada and they returned Florida to Spain.
American independence, virtually unthinkable in
1763, had been achieved.
52
What really happened at Yorktown?
You seem to have a mind like General Washington.
He left a small force to watch over New York
City, while he moved his remaining troops toward
Virginia. He attacked while the British were
outnumbered and had hardly any food left.
Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton delivered a
letter from General Washington to General
Cornwallis. Washington wrote that he wanted to
stop the "useless effusion of blood." General
Cornwallis realized there was no hope for his
army. On October 17th the British sent a fleet
from New York to help General Cornwallis and his
men, but by that time it was too late.
On October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis and his
7,157 men officially surrendered. Cornwallis was
so badly humiliated by the defeat that he did not
attend the surrender ceremony. Instead General
O'Hara presented the sword of surrender to the
French general, as if to snub the Americans.
This was the last official battle of the War but
there were still some minor fights occurring in
the south, where there were many loyalists, and
there were battles occurring on the Atlantic
Ocean, near England.
continue for more facts
53
What really happened at Yorktown? continued
Yorktown was a great victory, but it was not
conclusive. The British militia still occupied
New York City, Wilmington, Charleston, and
Savannah and the Continental Army had no
immediate plans to retake these cities. However,
the British were hard pressed by years of war,
and the government in London saw that it would be
difficult to replace Cornwallis' army. The
British citizens had also reached their limit, of
paying taxes to support the American war.
The British government, realizing that the costs
of the war were greater than the potential gain,
entered into peace negotiations, with Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in April,
1782. The Treaty of Paris was signed in
September, 1783, and officially ended the war.
This treaty recognized the American independence,
and made the Mississippi River the new nation's
western border. Britain was allowed to retain
Canada and they returned Florida to Spain.
American independence, virtually unthinkable in
1763, had been achieved.
54
What really happened at Yorktown?
Your hesitation might have changed the events of
the war. General Washington not wanting
Cornwallis to escape, left a small force to watch
over New York City, while he moved his remaining
troops toward Virginia. He attacked while the
British were outnumbered and had hardly any food
left.
Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton delivered a
letter from General Washington to General
Cornwallis. Washington wrote that he wanted to
stop the "useless effusion of blood." General
Cornwallis realized there was no hope for his
army. On October 17th the British sent a fleet
from New York to help General Cornwallis and his
men, but by that time it was too late.
On October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis and his
7,157 men officially surrendered. Cornwallis was
so badly humiliated by the defeat that he did not
attend the surrender ceremony. Instead General
O'Hara presented the sword of surrender to the
French general, as if to snub the Americans.
This was the last official battle of the War but
there were still some minor fights occurring in
the south, where there were many loyalists, and
there were battles occurring on the Atlantic
Ocean, near England.
continue for more facts
55
What really happened at Yorktown? continued
Yorktown was a great victory, but it was not
conclusive. The British militia still occupied
New York City, Wilmington, Charleston, and
Savannah and the Continental Army had no
immediate plans to retake these cities. However,
the British were hard pressed by years of war,
and the government in London saw that it would be
difficult to replace Cornwallis' army. The
British citizens had also reached their limit, of
paying taxes to support the American war.
The British government, realizing that the costs
of the war were greater than the potential gain,
entered into peace negotiations, with Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay in April,
1782. The Treaty of Paris was signed in
September, 1783, and officially ended the war.
This treaty recognized the American independence,
and made the Mississippi River the new nation's
western border. Britain was allowed to retain
Canada and they returned Florida to Spain.
American independence, virtually unthinkable in
1763, had been achieved.
56
Standards
Social Studies Students will demonstrate an
understanding of historical events using
chronological and spatial thinking, develop
historical interpretations, and frame questions
that include collecting and evaluating
information. SS.500.10 In the context of Maryland
up to contemporary time and United States history
through 1790, students are able to Recall
critical political, social and economic issues
and events that led to the American
Revolution. SS.500.20.01 Identify and analyze the
causes and effects of historic events.
SS.500.10.04 Make decisions and analyze decisions
of individuals, groups and institutions.
SS.500.10.05 Language Arts Develop and apply
comprehension skills by reading a variety of
assigned print and electronic informational
texts. L.A.500.20.01 Students will read,
comprehend, analyze, and evaluate informational
text. L.A.500.20 Use a graphic organizer or
another note-taking technique to record important
ideas or information. L.A.500.10.10i Use
strategies to determine and analyze important
ideas and messages in informational text.
L.A.500.20.04 Draw conclusions, inferences, and
generalizations from one text or across multiple
texts to form new understandings. L.A.500.20.04q
Credits
turtle graphics courtesty of Noreen Strehlow,
battle pictures from  http//www.nps.gov/ and
http//pbskids.org/libertyskids, U.S. Department
of Education and email graphic from animation
factory
Phyllis.Friday_at_fcps.org
site last updated July 30, 2004