4' Nutrients for Blood ProductionCell Growth

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• 4. Nutrients for Blood Production/Cell Growth
• key roles in synthesis of DNA and new cells
• folate
• vitamin B-12
• iron to support enlarged blood volume and
  provide for placental and fetal needs supplement
  needed
• zinc
• 5. Nutrients for Bone Development
• vitamin D
• calcium
• 6. Other Nutrients/Nutrient Supplements

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Exercise during PregnancyDo Dont

• Regularly (3x/week)
• warm up
• reach target heart rate
• cool down
• drink water
• eat enough

• No vigorous if inactive
• not hot, humid weather
• not if sick
• dont lie on back
• not if pain or discomfort
• no jerky or bouncy movements

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WIC Foods Women, Infants, and Children
Dried Peas, Beans, and Lentils Peanut
Butter Infant Formula Infant Cereal
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Breastfeeding Tuna Carrots
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Nutrition-Related Concerns during Pregnancy

• Nausea
• keep crackers by bedside arise slowly eat bland
  foods eat whatever sounds good include protein
  eat regularly
• Constipation and Hemorrhoids
• eat high fiber exercise drink fluids go when
  need to
• Heartburn
• eat slowly relax small frequent meals avoid
  food offenders dont lie down after eating

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• Food Cravings
• strong desires to eat particular foods
• dont reflect real physiological needs
• due to hormone-induced changes in sensitivity to
  taste and smell
• Food Aversions
• strong desires to avoid particular foods
• Nonfood Cravings
• Pica cravings for nonfood items such as laundry
  starch, clay, dirt, ice
• cultural phenomenon not a response to nutrient
  need

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High-Risk Pregnancies

• Maternal weight
• Maternal nutrition
• Socioeconomic status
• Lifestyle habits
• Age
• Previous pregnancies
• number interval outcomes birthweight
  multiples
• Maternal health
• high blood pressure diabetes chronic disease

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Malnutrition and Pregnancy

• Malnutrition and Fertility
• women may develop amenorrhea men unviable sperm
• Malnutrition and Early Pregnancy
• may prevent full placenta development
• WIC program
• Malnutrition and Fatal Development
• fetal growth retardation, congenital
  malformations, spontaneous abortion,

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Maternal Health

• Preexisting Diabetes
• poor BG levels increase risk infant problems
• Preexisting Hypertension
• poor BP increase risk of LBW, placenta problems
• Transient Hypertension of Pregnancy
• mild rise in BP and does not adversely affect
• Preeclampsia
• high BP, protein in urine, whole body edema,
• Eclampsia
• convulsive seizures and coma

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Gestational Diabetes

• 1 in 25 women
• Risk Factors
• age 35 or older BMIgt 25 previous high birth
  weight infant sx of diab. family hx diab
  ethnicity
• One hour GTT at 24-28 weeks
• Three hour GTT if flunk one hour
• Diet and Exercise Recommendations
• SMBG
• Insulin

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Pregnancy in Adolescents

• 1 per 8 babies born to a teenager
• iron-deficiency anemia and prolonged labor
• higher rates of stillbirths, preterm births, and
  LBW
• Few financial resources
• Regular prenatal care
• Pattern of teenage pregnancies
• Maternity Support Services (MSS) and Women,
  Infants and Children (WIC)

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Pregnancy in Older Women

• Increasing rate of first births to women over age
  35
• Cesarean sections twice as common
• Maternal death rates are higher
• Complications associated with HTN, Diabetes
• Babies at higher risk genetic abnormalities such
  as Downs Syndrome
• Triple screen amniocentesis

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Practices Incompatible with PG

• Alcohol
• fetal alcohol syndrome leading cause of mental
  retardation is totally unavoidable
• Medicinal Drugs
• MUST consult medical provider
• Herbal Supplements
• MUST consult medical provider
• Illicit Drugs
• 17 PG women use marijuana drugs cross placenta
  and impair fetal growth development

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• Smoking and Chewing Tobacco
• smoking restricts blood supply to fetus, limits
  O2 and nutrients
• cause of LBW SIDS
• fetal growth retardation
• prolonged final stage of labor
• mislocation of the placenta
• premature separation of the placenta
• vaginal bleeding
• spontaneous abortion
• fetal death
• middle ear diseases cardiac and respiratory
  diseases

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• Environmental Contaminants
• lead mercury
• Vitamin-Mineral Megadoses
• dont do cases of vitamin A
• Caffeine
• heavy use (3-6 cups) may increase risk of
  spontaneous abortion limit to less than 300
  mg/day
• Weight-Loss Dieting
• ketosis deprives fetal brain of needed glucose
  and may impair cognitive development
• Sugar Substitutes
• ask Medical Provider

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More PG TopicsFood Safety and Sanitation

• Keep Foods at Safe Temperatures
• above 140 below 40 friglt40 thaw appropriately
• Avoid Risky Foods and Water
• pasteurized milk, juice no raw sprouts no raw
  meat or eggs
• Cook Foods Adequately
• Practice Personal Hygiene
• Avoid Cross-Contamination

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Pregnancy Small Group Questions

• 1. P.R. is planning a pregnancy. Name 3 topics
  of discussion in preconception counseling.
• 2. Name an advantage and a disadvantage of slower
  GI motility during pregnancy.
• 3. How much weight should a women gain during
  pregnancy? What are the components of the weight
  gain?
• 4. How do calorie and protein needs change during
  pregnancy? What nutrients are important for blood
  production?