Arrangements for the Democratic Control of Defence Activities

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Arrangements for the Democratic Control of
Defence Activities
Col. Andras Ujj PhD, HU AF
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WAR IS A MUCH TOO SERIOUS MATTER TO BE ENTRUSTED
TO THE MILITARY Georges Clemenceau
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• But who guards the Guards?
• (Plato)

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WHAT IS THAT?

• H. Lasswell The Garrison State (American Journal
  of Sociology 46, 1941)
• S. Andrzejewski Military Organisation and
  Society (London Routlege Kegan Paul Ltd. 1954)
• S. Huntington The Soldier and the State The
  theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations
  (Cambridge, Massachusetts The Bellknap Press of
  Harvard University Press, 1957)
• M. Janowitz The Professional Soldier A Social
  and Political Portrait (London The Free Press of
  Glencoe Collier-Macmillan Ltd. 1960)
• S. Finer The Man on Horseback The Role of the
  Military in Politics (Harmondsworth Penguin,
  1962)
• B. Abrahamsson Military Professionalization and
  Political Power (Beverly Hills London Sage
  Publications, 1972)

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Criteria of Democratic Control

• Division of civilian authority
• Parliamentary oversight
• Subordination of military decision making bodies
  to civilian institutions
• Military prestige, trustworthiness,
  accountability
• (Jeffrey Simon)

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THE PLAYERS Elements of the Democratic Control
I.(the Hungarian example)

• National Assembly (Defence Com., Budget Com.,
  National Security Com., Com. for Industry, Com.
  on Science, etc.)
• Constitutional Court
• President of the Republic
• Jurisdictional System
• National Audit Office
• Government

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THE PLAYERS Elements of the Democratic Control
I.(the Hungarian example)
7. National Security Cabinet 8. Prime
Ministers Office 9. Ministry of Defence 10.
Ombudsman 11. Nongovernmental Organisations 12.
Mass Media
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Principles of Democratic Control

• The state is only one actor in society that has
  the legitimate monopoly of force. The armed
  forces and security services are accountable to
  the legitimate democratic authorities
• The Parliament is sovereign and holds the
  executive accountable for the development,
  implementation and review of the security and
  defense policy
• The Parliament has a unique constitutional role
  in authorizing and scrutinizing defense and
  security expenditures
• The Parliament plays a crucial role with regard
  to declaring and lifting a state of emergency or
  state of war
• Principles of good governance and the rule of law
  apply to all branches of government and therefore
  also to the security sector
• Defense and security sector personnel are
  individually accountable to judicial courts for
  violations of national and international laws
• Defense and security sector organizations are
  politically neutral

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Summary of the Theories(Key Aspects of
Democratic Control)

• Constructive Military-Societal Relations
• Expertise
• Well Institutionalized Democratic Accountability
• Sharing of Responsibility

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The Creation Process of the Democratic Control

• Development of the Institutional Structure
• Division of the Jurisdiction and Sphere of
  Authorities
• Development of Individual Relations to Democratic
  Control Shaping of Personal Attitudes

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DIFFERENCES
POLITICAL versus DEMOCRATIC
CONTROL CONTROL
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CHANGES I.

• The mission and role of Armed Forces
• The social status of Armed Forces
• The tools and methods of fulfillment of missions
• Consequences (among others)
• New type of relationship between civil society
  and its own Armed Forces
• Openness Mutual Confidence - on base of
  
  Transparency

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CHANGES II.

• New strategy
• on civil-military relations
• on public relations
• in their nature and methods
• Non negligible tools
• information
• education

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CHANGES III.

• MILITARY EDUCATION versus DEFENSE EDUCATION
• How to fight? How to
  use?
• Special Education and Training for civil servants
• executives
• decision makers

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Public Informationto whom what about?

• General Information on a certain level for the
  civil society about
• mission,
• tasks,
• structure,
• command and control,
• equipments,
• conditions of life and duty, etc.
• of the Armed Forces.

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Practical Aspects

• The influence of the policy on the militaries and
  vice versa
• How the military represents the society?
• Tensions between civilians and militaries
• FIGHT or CO-OPERATION?
• DEPENDENCE or INTERDEPENDENCE?

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Relations

• Politicians and Militaries
• Militaries and Civil Servants
• Politicians and Politicians
• Defence Sphere and the Citizens

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QUESTIONS ?