Sabrina Grover, Jessica Sun, Michelle Wu

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Tito and Yugoslavia

• Sabrina Grover, Jessica Sun, Michelle Wu

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Tito and Stalin-Before the Split
http//www.deltax.net/bissett/western/titoyears.ht
m Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History Twice
there was a country. New York Cambridge
University Press, 1996 http//72.14.253.104/search
?qcachec6gsmM1o4igJwww.lib.msu.edu/sowards/balk
an/lect22.htmtitocoldwarhlenctclnkcd6gl
ca http//www.deltax.net/bissett/western/titoyear
s.htm .

• Prior to the break in relations between Josef
  Stalin and Joseph Tito, there was a strong
  relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia
• Yugoslavia attempted to model the USSR
  centralized, command economy but failed to
  effectively replicate the collectivization of
  agriculture
• Appealed to Stalin to aid in rapid industrial
  expansion and agriculture improvements and reform
• Yugoslavias communist party needed less
  assistance than other satellite states
• The break with Stalin was attributed to Titos
  Yugoslavia First attitude, and was irritated at
  the lack of control he could exert over their
  economy

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Tito-Stalin Split
Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History Twice there
was a country. New York Cambridge University
Press, 1996. http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/
kbank/profiles/tito/ http//faculty.virginia.edu/s
etear/courses/howweget/tito.htm Rogel, Carole.
The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia.
Connecticut Greenwood Press. 1998,

• Stalin was scared of Tito because he was so
  popular in Yugoslavia
• Conflict was a result of the raw struggle for
  power over Yugoslavia, not ideological conflict
• Stalin was angry that Tito completed Bled
  agreement without approaching USSR first
• Aka Tito-Dimitrov Treaty signed Aug. 2, 1947
  in Bled Slovenia
• Paved the way for union between Vardar Macedonia
  and Pirin Macedonia
• Abolished visas and allowed for a customs union
• Yugoslavias support for Greek Communists
  undermined with Stalins promise to leave Greece
  to West
• In 1948, Stalin tried to purge Yugoslav
  leadership was unsuccessful
• Yugoslavia was expelled from Cominform
• Stalin imposed economic boycotts and sanctions
  but stopped short of physically invading
  Yugoslavia.

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Foreign Policy
Glenny, Misha. The Balkans, Nationalism, War and
Great Powers 1804-1999. USA Penguin Books, 2000.

• The Policy of Non alignment
• 1960 Non aligned movement bringing together
  developing world against the two major
  superpowers
• Members included Cuba, Ghana, India, Egypt,
  Indonesia
• The first meeting of nonaligned states took place
  in Belgrade under Tito's sponsorship in 1961.
• The promotion of alternatives to bloc politics,
  as opposed to mere neutrality. The first meeting
  of nonaligned states took place in Belgrade under
  Tito's sponsorship in 1961.
• The movement continued thereafter, but by the end
  of his life Tito had been eclipsed by new member
  states, such as Cuba, that conceived of
  nonalignment as anti-Westernism
• Remain neutral in the Cold War conflict
• Benefited Yugoslavs, able to use passport to get
  across more borders in the world than anyone else
  (because they were against both superpowers)

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Non Alignment Movement
http//www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/h
utchinson/m0005012.html

• Third camp in Cold War (other 2 USSR, USA)
• Came into play in 1960s
• Consisted of countries that had gained
  independence from European empires after WWII
• Tried to act as a stabilizing force between the
  two superpower blocs
• During the cold war ? members were often target
  of US/Soviet imperialism
• Both tried to attract members of the movement
  into their respective camps
• Monetary aid was given to development projects
• Was not a strongly unified group like NATO or
  Warsaw Pact
• Members were weaker economically and militarily
• Members were able to increase status through
  unity cooperation in the UN General Assembly
• Were never able to challenge the dominance of the
  2 superpowers

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Tito and Foreign Aid
Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History Twice there
was a country. New York Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

• After WWII, UN Relief and Rehab Agency (UNRRA)
  gave 415 million in aid- the most aid to any
  European country
• Approx. 298 million came from the US
• Neither country was happy about it
• US thought that Yugoslav troops were directing
  supplies for their own use
• Yugoslavia only wanted to present its allies
  (Soviet Union), therefore they never publicly
  acknowledged US involvement in aid (neither were
  happy about it- US thought Yugoslavia was
  directing supplies for own use, Yugoslavia only
  wanted help from its allies (never publicly
  acknowledged it)
• got food, clothes, meds 237 million
• By1946, Yugoslavia was able to restore 90 of
  inland transport network
• UNRRA replaced almost 15,000 trucks (prewar
  fleet)
• Borrowed 4 billion from world bank loans after UN
  aid ended

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Tito and the USA/West
http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profile
s/tito/ http//faculty.virginia.edu/setear/course
s/howweget/tito.htm Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as
History Twice there was a country. New York
Cambridge University Press, 1996.

• Yugoslav and American tensions boiled over in
  1946
• 1946 New Nationalization Law- threatened to make
  permanent takeover of foreign firms in Yugoslavia
  ? US threatened
• Titos army didnt like the unauthorized flights
  taken over Yugoslavia by the US (Vienna-Rome)
• Yugoslavia shot down C-47
• Outraged the US (Government and public)
• US gave military assistance to army and pressed
  Tito to turn away from collectivization in return
  for food shipments
• Use of propaganda on both sides
• Yugoslavia supported all indictments of the
  western system by the USSR
• After split with Stalin, Tito turned to the West
  at the same time that the West perceived an
  opportunity to utilize the first split in the
  Communist East bloc
• Western aid to Yugoslavia came in both the form
  of dollars and tacit military cooperation with
  NATO
• In return, Tito sealed off the border between
  Yugoslavia and Greece, effectively ending the
  Greek Civil War.
• Liberal reputation helped Yugoslavia escape
  western censure on undiplomatic actions (secret
  police- UDBA)
• West didnt look for human rights issues because
  they knew Yugoslavia would side with them on NATO

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US Aid to Yugoslavia, 1949-1967 (US million)
Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History Twice there
was a country. New York Cambridge University
Press, 1996.
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The End of The Cold War
Lampe, John R. Yugoslavia as History Twice there
was a country. New York Cambridge University
Press, 1996.

• Following the end of the Cold War, Yugoslavia was
  essentially abandoned by the west
• Yugoslavia was no longer useful to the West as an
  ally in Eastern Europe as the Cold War had come
  to end and there was no need to maintain a buffer
  between the USSR and Western Europe
• In 1989 Yugoslavia was removed from the list of
  countries that were eligible for Western credit
  by the United States
• This cut in relations compounded the internal
  problems that Yugoslavia experienced in the early
  1990s and the subsequent breakup of the republic
  

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