Cold War

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• Cold War
• Heats Up

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• I. Brinkmanship Rules US Policy -
• nuclear arms race began during Trumans
  administration
• 1949 - Truman had to decide to develop more
  atomic weapons or not
• 1. Race for the H-Bomb
• those who developed A-bomb believed could develop
  new weapon

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1. Race for the H-Bomb (Cont.) - Difference
between 2 bombs

• H-Bomb
• thermonuclear
• atoms are fused together

• A-Bomb
• atoms were split apart

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• 1. Race for the H-Bomb (Cont.) -
• has force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 times the
  power of bomb dropped on Hiroshima)
• argued about morality of creating a destructive
  weapon
• J. Robert Oppenheimer -
• opposed new project
• told Truman - Mr. President, I have blood on my
  hands.

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• 1. Race for the H-Bomb (Cont.) -
• political forces took over -
• SUs explosiong of A-bomb took away US nuclear
  advantage
• politicians and military leaders pressed for more
  powerful weapons
• warned that US had to build one before SU did

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• 1. Race for the H-Bomb (Cont.) -
• Jan 31, 1950 - Truman authorized work on the
  hydrogen bomb (H-bomb)
• Nov 1, 1952 - US exploded first thermonuclear
  device
• blast exceeded initial estimates, force equal to
  10.4 million tons of TNT
• August 1953 - SU exploded own thermonuclear weapon

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• 2. Policy of Brinkmanship -
• US has H-Bomb, Eisenhower in office
• Secretary of State - Foster Dulles
• anti-Communist
• compromise was immoral
• proposed new policy based on threats of massive
  retaliation

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• 2. Policy of Brinkmanship - (Cont.)
• US would keep peace by promising to use all its
  force, including nuclear weapons, against any
  aggressor nation
• becomes known as brinkmanship
• needed more nuclear weaons and planes to carry
  them, beefed up air force and number of nuclear
  weapons, trimmed army and navy

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• 2. Policy of Brinkmanship - (Cont.)
• arms race began in earnest when SU began mass
  producing nuclear weapons
• result - US citizens believed SU weapons pointed
  at their cities
• schools - air-raid procedures
• families - underground fallout shelters
• fear of nuclear war, constant in US life for 30
  years

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• II. Cold War Spreads Around the World
• nation shifted to dependence on nuclear arms
• Eisenhower relies heavily on CIA for info
• used spies to gather info
• carry out covert actions to weaken or overthrow
  govts unfriendly to US

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• 1. Covert Actions in Mid East and Latin America
• Eisenhower adm - fight against communism was same
  as fight against totalitarian govts during WWII
• leader of SU - absolute dictator - ordered secret
  operations against enemies
• Eisenhower - US at disadvantage if didnt do the
  same

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• 1. Covert Actions (Cont.) -
• CIA - first covert actions in Mid East
• 1951 - Irans prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh,
  placed oil industry under govt control
• Western nations stopped buying Irans oil in
  protest
• Iranian economy faltering - US feared that
  Mossadegh would turn to SU for help

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• 1. Covert Actions (Cont.) -
• 1953 - CIA persuaded the shah, monarch of Iran,
  to replace Mossadegh with someone more favorable
  to the West
• people remained loyal to the shah, and the prime
  minister fled

• 1954 - CIA took covert action to Guatemala
• Eisenhower believed govt had Communist
  sympathies

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• 1. Covert Actions (Cont.) -
• 1954 (Cont.) -
• reason - Jacobo Arbenz Guzman had given more than
  200,000 acres of American-owned land to peasants
• CIA trained an army - invaded Guatemala and
  captured Arbenz Guzman and his forces
• army leader Carlos Castillo Armas - became
  dictator of country

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• 2. A Summit in Geneva -
• 1953 - Stalin dies and tensions seem to decrease
• SU recognized W Germany and signed peace treaties
  w/ Austria and Japan
• 1955 - W Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO,
  SU is scared

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• 2. A Summit in Geneva - (Cont.)
• July 1955 - Eisenhower went to Geneva,
  Switzerland and met w/ SU leaders
• first East-West Summit conference since WW II

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• 2. A Summit in Geneva - (Cont.)
• Eisenhower put forth open skies proposal
• US and SU would allow flights over each others
  territory to guard against surprise nuclear
  attack
• rejected by SU - thought it was US trick to learn
  where SU kept weapons

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• 2. A Summit in Geneva - (Cont.)
• summit accomplished nothing - world hailed the
  spirit of Geneva seemed to promise movement
  toward peace
• hope that CW was easing was short lived - SU
  turned aggressor in 1956

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• 3. Crisis in the Mid East -
• US and SU agreed on est the nation of Israel of
  1948 - CW affected the Mid East as well as Europe
  
• 1955 - GB and US agreed to help Egypt finance
  construction of dam at Aswan on the Nile River

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• 3. Crisis in the Mid East - (Cont.)
• Gamal Abdel Nasser, head of Egypt, began to
  strengthen ties with Communist countries, US and
  GB w/drew offer
• seized Suez Canal, which is in Egypt but owned by
  FR and GB

• GB and FR furious, Israel also angry at Egypt,
  had been making terrorist raids into its
  territory

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• 3. Crisis in the Mid East - (Cont.)
• Oct 1956 - GB, FR and Israel invaded Egypt (SU
  ally)
• SU threatened GB and FR w/ missiles, US would not
  allow it
• confrontation w/ SU avoided when UN imposed
  cease-fire
• canal reopened in April 1957 under Egyptian
  management

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• 4. Soviet Aggression in Hungary -
• Feb 1956 - Nikita Krushchev, head of SU, publicly
  criticized Stalin for committing crimes against
  Soviet people
• criticism made people around world wonder if SU
  becoming less repressive country
• some E. European nations dreamed of breaking away
  from SU

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• 4. Soviet Aggression (Cont.) -
• Hungary - experienced several years of unrest as
  countrys leaders clashed over how much freedom
  to Hungarians
• Soviets occupied the country and Hungarians had
  made several efforts to oust them

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• 4. Soviet Aggression (Cont.) -
• Oct 1956 - students and workers tried to force
  the more repressive leaders out of office
• Krushchev agreed that the reform-minded leader
  Imre Nagy should be premier
• after Soviets leave, Hungarians demanded other
  liberties (right to leave Warsaw Pact)

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• 4. Soviet Aggression (Cont.) -
• Nov 1956 - Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and
  killed approx 30,000 protesters
• thousands fled to US
• Eisenhower - no military aid, but protested
  invasion
• sent 20 million for food and medicine
• sent 5 to UN to aid Hungarian refugees
• allowed more Hungarians into US

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• 5. Eisenhower Doctrine -
• SUs prestige in Mid East rose because supported
  Egypt
• Jan 1957 - Eisenhower issued warning
• US would defend the Mid East against attack by
  any Communist country
• known as Eisenhower Doctrine

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• 5. Eisenhower Doctrine - (Cont.)
• March - Congress officially approved the doctrine
  
• gave the president authority to use American
  forces, at his discretion, against armed
  aggression in Mid East by any nation controlled
  by international communism

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• III. The Cold War Takes to the Skies -
• 1957 - US believed that it was ahead of the SU in
  military technology
• guided missiles that could deliver nuclear
  warheads w/ great accuracy at distances of 1,500
  to 3,000 miles

• August 1957 - Su developed rocket capable of
  traveling much greater distance - true ICBM -
  intercontinental ballistic missile

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• 1. Sputnik Launches Space Race -
• Oct 4 - SU used an ICBM to launch first unmanned
  artificial satellite
• 1st Sputnik - circled globe at 18,000 miles per
  hour, in 96.2 minutes
• weight of nearly 200 pounds would need 1.1
  million pounds of thrust to lift it into orbit -
  more than enough to send nuclear warhead from SU
  to anywhere in world

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• 1. Space Race (cont.) -
• launching of Sputnik I - made US citizens feel
  inferior to SU and vulnerable to nuclear attack
• US falling behind in science and technology
• made changes in ed system
• sought to improve science, math and
  foreign-language courses
• scientists worked to catch up to SU

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• 1. Space Race (cont.) -
• first attempt to launch satellite was failure -
  rocket toppled to the ground
• termed Flopnik and Stayputnik by media
• Jan 31, 1958 - US launched first satellite

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down -
• 1955 - after rejection of Eisenhower Conference,
  CIA begins making secret high-altitude flights of
  SU territory
• plane used, U-2, made to fly higher than SU
  fighter planes and beyond reach of antiaircraft
  fire
• uses infrared cameras to take detailed
  photographs

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down - (Cont.)
• 1960 - US officials nervous about U-2 program
• 1st - existence and purpose of U-2 was open
  secret among press
• 2nd - Soviets aware of flights since 1958

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down - (Cont.)
• Frances Gary Powers -
• Weknew that the Russians were radar-tracking at
  least some of our flightsWe also knew that SAMs
  were being fired at us, that some were
  uncomfortably close to our altitude. But we knew
  too that the Russians had a control problem in
  their guidance systemWe were concerned but not
  greatly.

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down - (Cont.)
• Eisenhower wants flights discontinued
• May 15, 1960 - was to meet w/ Krushchev
• If one of these aircraft were lost when we were
  engaged in apparently sincere deliberation, it
  couldruin my effectiveness.
• Dulles persuaded him to authorize one last flight

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down - (Cont.)
• May 1 - final flight took place, Frances Gary
  Powers was the pilot
• 4 hours after Powers entered SU airspace, a
  Soviet pilot, Igor Mentyukov, brought down his
  plane
• US issued a false story that the plane had
  disappeared while on weather mission

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• 2. A U-2 is Shot Down - (Cont.)
• Krushchev announced that the U-2 had been brought
  down 1,300 miles inside the SU by a Soviet rocket
  and that Powers had been captured alive and
  confessed his activities
• official line for 38 years
• 1996 - Mentyukov - explained that SU covered up
  true story to make missile defense system seem
  more advance than what it really was

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• 3. Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower -
• Eisenhower - owned up to the charge and took full
  personal responsibility for authorizing the
  flight
• admission angered Krushchev - interpreted it as a
  sign not of honesty but of contempt

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• 3. Khrushchev (Cont.) -
• incident made him look bad in SU, where
  hard-liners disapproved of his willingness to
  negotiate w/ the Americans
• regained prestige by using summit conference to
  denounce the US and left

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• 3. Khrushchev (Cont.) -
• Eisenhower - feared that U-2 incident had put end
  to effectiveness as peacemaker
• SU tried Powers for espionage and sentenced him
  to 10 years in prison
• after 17 mths - was returned to US in exchange
  for SU spy - Colonel Rudolf Abel