Shadows over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge

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Shadows over the Pacific East Asia Under
Challenge
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The Qing Empire
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Decline of the Manchus

• Opium and Rebellion
• British problems with China
• The opium trade
• Reactions by China
• Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-hsu 1785-1850), 1839
• The Opium Wars (1839-1842)
• Concessions to Britain
• Taiping (Tai ping) Rebellion, 1853-1864)
• Hong Xiuquan (Hung Hsiu-chuan)
• Causes of the rebellion

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Efforts at Reform

• Self-strengthening
• Adoption of Western technology combined with the
  retention of Confucian principles and
  institutions
• Proponents of more radical reform
• Wang Tao (Wang Tao) (1828 1897)

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Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Influence
About 1900
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The Climax of Imperialism

• Russia, France, and Britain penetrate China
• Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895
• Emperor Guangxu (Kuang Hsu)
• Kang Youwei (Kang Yu-wei)
• Empress Dowager Cixi (Tzu Hsi)
• Opening the Door to China
• United States Open Door policy
• Boxer Rebellion, 1900

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Collapse of the Old Order

• Commission formed to study constitutional
  changes, 1905
• Election for a national assembly, 1910
• New provincial elite
• Rising rural unrest
• Reforms do little for the peasants, artisans,
  miners, transportation workers
• Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
• Revive China Society
• Revolutionary Alliance
• Three Peoples Principles of nationalism,
  democracy, and peoples livelihood
• Revolt of October, 1911
• General Yaun Shikai (Yaun Shih-kai)
• Revolution or collapse of the old order?

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Chinese Society in Transition

• Obstacles to industrialization
• Traditional methods of production
• Little use of Western technology
• Rapid increase in the population led to smaller
  plots of land and tenant farmers
• Impact of imperialism on the economy
• Western presence accelerated Chinese development
• Daily life
• Changes in coastal cities
• Increased Western cultural presence
• Education
• Women
• Impact of missionaries

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A Rich Country and a Strong State The Rise of
Modern Japan

• Isolation
• Emergent commercial and manufacturing center
• Tokugawa feudalistic system falling apart
• Factionalism and corruption plaguing the central
  bureaucracy
• An End to Isolation
• Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1853
• Treaty of Kanagawa
• Townsend Harris, 1858
• Sat-Cho alliance, 1863
• Rebel armies attacked shoguns palace at Kyoto in
  1868 and proclaimed the authority of the emperor
  who had agreed to end cooperation with the West

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Meiji Restoration

• Transformation of Japanese Politics
• Abolish remnants of the old order and strengthen
  the executive
• Charter Oath, 1868
• Political parties develop
• Meiji Constitution of 1890
• Meiji Economics
• Land reform
• Japans industrial revolution
• Impact of changes on the rural population
• Building a Modern Social structure
• Military structure
• Education
• Changing culture
• Civil Code, 1898
• Women

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Japanese Overseas Expansion During the Meiji Era
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Joining the Imperialist Club

• Conflict with China
• Ryukyu Islands
• Korea opens ports to Japan
• Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea
• Treaty of Shimonoseki
• Russo-Japanese War, 1904
• Korea annexed in 1908

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Japanese Culture in Transition

• Japan invited technicians, engineers, architects,
  and artists from Europe and United States
• Tokyo School of Fine Arts

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The Meiji Restoration A Revolution from Above

• Some historians argue it was an incomplete
  revolution because it did not end economic and
  social inequalities
• Others argue it did put Japan on a path of
  economic and political development
• A conservative revolution
• Combination of kokutai and capitalism

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Discussion Questions

• How did opium help the British force concessions
  from the Chinese?
• What steps did the Chinese take to block European
  domination of China? Why did these measures
  fail?
• How did the presence of European powers in China
  shape Chinese cultural development?
• Was the Meiji Restoration a revolution?