Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

• The Dawn of Revolution
• The Greeks
• Paving the Way
• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Johannes Kepler
• Galileo Galilei
• Sir Isaac Newton
• Legacy of the Revolution

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The Dawn of Revolution

• Greek and Roman works translated into common
  languages
• Europe conquering new world/expanding trade and
  control
• New inventions being created
• Martin Luthers stand against Catholicism causes
  social revolution

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What Was the Revolution?

• Literally

• Figuratively

• Social Revolution Disputing Authority
• Intellectual Revolution New ideas being exchanged

• c. 1543 (Publishing of Copernicus book)-c.1727
  (death of Newton)
• Dates are arbitrary
• Period of European history involving advances in
  the sciences, mainly astronomy and physics,
  coinciding with a social change towards
  challenging dogma.
• Foundation-laying discoveries for Western
  Civilization and Europeanlife/society

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Influencers of the Revolution

• Martin Luther (1483-1546)
• Otto Brunfels (1488-1534)
• Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Hans Lippershey (1570-1619)

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Eratosthenes Geographer

• 2nd Master Librarian of Alexandria
• Lived 296-194 B.C.
• Coined the term Geography, which translates as
  earth-writing
• Developed method for measuring the circumference
  of the earth

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Aristotle Astronomer

• Top student of Plato
• Lived 384-322 B.C.
• Developed astronomical view of the universe later
  detailed by Ptolemy
• Popularized the four elements Air, Fire, Water,
  Earth (and Aether, depending on the context)

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Ptolemy Mathematician

• Born 85 A.D. Died c. 165 A.D. in Egypt
• Did his work in Alexandria, an intellectual
  capital of the time
• Became interested in strange movements taking
  place in the sky (planets, sun, moon) and
  astronomical-mathematical views of this phenomenon

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The Ptolemaic Universe
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Martin Luther and the Press

• Martin Luther serves as example for challenging
  previously-held ideas
• Provokes a greater sense of independence

• Allowed for recently-translated Roman and Greek
  texts to become available to common people
• Hastened the spread of knowledge
• Allowed for clarity and consistency in scientific
  works

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Nicolaus CopernicusShattering the Greek Legacy

• Born in Torun Poland
• Born into wealthy noble family
• Studied in Italy, Ferrara, at the University of
  Padua, and the University of Cracow (1491-1496)
• studied mathematics, astronomy, religious law,
  and others
• Published his heliocentric theory in De
  revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)

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The Copernican Universe
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Johannes KeplerProof Through Mathematics

• Lived 1571-1630, Born in Weil der Stat, Germany
• Attended University of Tubingen (1589-94)
• Discovered Mars elliptical orbit and laws of
  planetary motion
• The first two of these laws are later published
  in Astronomica Nova (1609)

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Rene Descartes and Tycho Brahe

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
• Born in Touraine, France
• Philosopher and mathematician
• Did not publish all his ideas in order to not
  upset the authority
• Believed in science based in proof, not in
  probabilities
• Set-up a Scientific Method
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
• Diligent astronomer whose meticulous data on the
  heavenly bodies was used by Kepler to prove
  Copernicus theories
• Published De Nova Stella (1573)
• Helped prove the universe was not unchanging

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Galileo Galilei Epitome of the Revolution
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Introduction to Galileo

• Lived between 1564-1642, in Italy
• Improved idea of terrestrial motion and
  understanding Earthsgravitational pull
• well-known for his many mathematical/astronomical
  experiments andtelescope developments

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Galileo the Student

• University of Pisa--should I study medicine?
• Began conducting experiments with pendulums
• Forget medicine! Math is my calling...
• Studied Archimedes works--expanded on
  hydrostatic balance/density

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Galileo the Experimenter

• Experimented with falling objects---tested
  Aristotles theory
• Develops theory that would help Newton with his
  law of gravity (inertia)
• Galileo learns of telescope (Hans Lippershey),
  creates his own improvedversion
• Looks at sky makes revolutionary discoveries
  about the Moon, Milky Way,Jupiter, Venus, Sun
• 1610Publishes book defending Copernicuss theory
  (shunned by Church whichpreferred Ptolemy)

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Galileo and the Inquisition
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Sir Isaac NewtonHarbinger of a New Age
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Newton Prodigy

• Born in Lincoln County, England
• Attended the local Kings School during middle
  school
• Had an apparent fascination with science as a
  child built a giant sundial, working models of
  mills, kites and lanterns
• Attended Trinity College in 1661-5

I am a friend of Plato, I am a friend of
Aristotle, but truth is my greater friend.
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Newton Scientist

• Slowly at first, he began to publish his
  treatises
• Experimented into the nature of light, correctly
  stating that white is the combination of all
  colors
• Co-developed the mathematical branch of calculus
• Formally described inertia
• Most importantly, he believed that the entire
  universe is governed by the same physical laws.

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Legacy of the Scientific Revolution

• Europe with new merchant class becomes dominant
• Growth of individualism and humanism
• Inspired leaders of future revolutions with
  success of a reorganized society
• New scientific philosophies developed, changing
  peoples former viewsabout God
• People were now exploring social changes in daily
  life

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Conclusion

• Scientific Revolution functioned as path into
  modern age
• Brought major scientific/political/social
  progress
• Promoted a more intellectual society
• Established right to challenge authority
• Laid framework for modern Scientific Method