Emotion

1
Emotion

• part 2

2
Emotion

• The Physiological Component
• The Expressive Component
• The Cognitive Component
• Human Emotion Putting the Pieces Together

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Three Components of Emotion

• A feeling state characterized by
  _____________arousal, _____________ behaviors,
  and a _____________ interpretation.

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Theories and Concepts of Emotion

• Three Components of Emotion
• _______________________--
  arousal comes from brain
  (particularly the limbic
  system) and autonomic
  nervous system
  (ANS)

5
The Physiological Component James-Lange Theory
of Emotion

• Emotion arises from physiological arousal
• __________________________________
• Sadness comes from crying

6
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Emotion originates in the ___________________
• Body (physiological systems) and Mind
  (emotional experience) are independently
  activated at the same time

7
Brain Centers of Emotion

• ___________________
• The Amygdala is highly involved in fear responses
• _________________
• Left hemisphere associated with positive
  emotions right with negative emotions

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Theories and Concepts of Emotion

• Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
• ________________--thoughts, values
  and expectations
• _________________--expressions,
  gestures, and body positions

9
The Cognitive Component Dimensions of Appraisal

• Cognitive dimensions closely linked to emotion
• Pleasantness Is event enjoyable?
• Attention Is one focused on event?
• Agency Does one believe he/she is in control?
• Certainty How clear is situation and is outcome
  predictable?

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Is Cognition Necessary?Pathway of Fear Without
Thought

• Sensation of threat can reach the amygdala via
  direct path from thalamus
• The fast low road
• Sensation of threat also travels from the
  thalamus to the cortex
• The slow high road
• Cortical judgment can override direct path

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The Expressive Component Sensory Feedback

• _____________________________
• The hypothesis that changes in facial expression
  can produce corresponding changes in emotion
• Zajonc, et al. had subjects repeat vowel sounds.
• Making some sounds - ah and e - caused
  smiling and elevated mood.
• Making other sounds - u and ü - caused
  frowning and lowered mood.

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Theories and Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories
of Emotion

• _______________________ emotions occur after
  arousal
• ___________________ arousal and emotion occur
  simultaneously
• Facial-Feedback facial movements elicit arousal
  and specific emotions
• ___________________ arousal leads to search for
  label and then emotion occurs

13
Critical Thinking about Motivation and
Emotion-The Polygraph

• Polygraph measures changes in ___________________
  ______, which in turn supposedly reflects lying
  versus truthfulness

The Polygraph
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Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion-
The Polygraph

• The subjects response on the GSR does rise in
  response to the second question. But remember
  that error rates on the polygraph range from 25
  to 75.

15
Critical Thinking about Motivation and
EmotionEmotional Intelligence (EI)

• ______________________________ (EI) ability to
  know and manage ones emotions, empathize, and
  maintain satisfying relationships

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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion

• Cultural similarities and differences 7 to10
  culturally universal emotions, but each culture
  has its own ___________ governing how, when, and
  where to express emotions

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Culture, Evolution, and Emotion

• Role of evolution strong biological,
  evolutionary basis for emotional expression and
  decoding

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Russell's Circumplex Model

• Which emotions are universal, felt in all
  cultures?
• ________________________________________________
• Russell identified two main dimensions of emotion
• Emotions can be sorted according to these
  dimensions in several cultures

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Circumplex Model
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Plutchiks Wheel of Emotions
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Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

• Every primary emotional state triggers its
  opposite, opponent state.
• A positive emotional state is followed by a
  negative state, and vice versa.
• Emotional experience is balanced over time.

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Are There Gender Differences in Emotion?

• __________________ exists that the sexes differ
  in their actual feelings in response to similar
  events.
• However, there are differences in the public
  display of emotion.
• Women are ____________________ than men are.

23
Are There Cultural Differences in Emotion?

• Some aspects of emotion seem universal.
• However, cultures affect the _____________________
  ____ and the display rules that govern when and
  where emotions can be expressed.

24
Culture differences in Shame Guilt

• Both shame and guilt are considered
  ______________________________.
• Both occur in response to personal failures.
• However, two are defined differently.

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Shame vs. Guilt

• Shame focus of evaluation is self
• Guilt focus is behavior
• Shame ____________________
• Shame ___________________
• Guilt tension remorse
• Shame is more maladaptive than guilt

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Cultural differences

• Individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures
• In collectivistic cultures, shame was shorter in
  duration and both shame and guilt had fewer
  negative consequences on self-esteem
  relationships.
• Japan vs. U.S.
• Japan considered a shame culture while U.S. is
  considered a guilt culture.
• In Japan, shame is all about being laughed at
  and parents motivate children through this fear
  of being shamed.

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• China vs. U.S.
• China has 3 terms for guilt and 4 for shame, U.S.
  has one term for each of the two emotions
• Situations that result in guilt and shame differ
  for the two countries

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Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness

• Three predictive indicators of happiness are
• _____________________
• __________________
• _____________________

29
National Wealth and Happiness

• Over a 40-year period, Americans became over
  twice as wealthy, but no happier.