Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy Utilization Schemes

1
Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind
Energy Utilization Schemes

• Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

2
Presentation Outline

• Introduction
• Research Objectives
• Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind
  Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven
  Controllers
• Conclusions and Recommendations for Future
  Research
• Publications
• Questions Answers

3
Introduction

• Photovoltaics (PV)
• PV cells
• PV modules
• PV arrays
• PV systems batteries, battery charge
  controllers, maximum power point trackers (MPPT),
  solid state inverters, rectifiers (battery
  chargers), generators, structure

4

• PV cell, PV module and PV array

5

• The Advantages of PV Energy
• Clean and green energy source that has virtually
  no environmental polluting impact
• Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance
• Costs little to build and operate
• Modular and flexible in terms of sizes, ratings
  and applications

6

• Applications of PV Systems
• Stand-alone PV energy systems
• Small village electricity supply
• Water pumping and irrigation systems
• Cathodic protection
• Communications
• Lighting and small appliances
• Emergency power systems and lighting systems
• Stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems
• Electric utility systems

7
PV Cell Model
Current source proportional to the light
falling on the cell in parallel with a diode
Temperature dependence of the photo-generated
current (Iph). Temperature dependence of
the reverse saturation current of the diode D0
(I0). Series resistance (Rs) gives a more
accurate shape between the maximum power point
and the open circuit voltage. Shunt diode
D0 with the diode quality factor set to achieve
the best curve match.
The circuit diagram of the solar cell
8
Nonlinear I-V Characteristics of PV Cell
9
I-V characteristics of a typical PV array with
various conditions
10

• PV array equivalent circuit block model using the
  MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software

11
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

• The photovoltaic system displays an inherently
  nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) relationship,
  requiring an online search and identification of
  the optimal maximum operating power point.
• MPPT controller is a power electronic DC/DC
  chopper or DC/AC inverter system inserted between
  the PV array and its electric load to achieve the
  optimum characteristic matching
• PV array is able to deliver maximum available
  power that is also necessary to maximize the
  photovoltaic energy utilization

12

• Nonlinear (I-V) and (P-V) characteristics of a
  typical PV array at a fixed ambient temperature
• and solar irradiation condition

13

• The Performance of any Stand-alone PV System
  Depends on
• Electric load operating conditions/excursions/
  switching
• Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)
• Solar insolation/irradiation variations (Sx)

14
Research Objectives

• 1. Develop/test/validate full mathematical models
  for PV array modules and a number of stand-alone
  renewable photovoltaic and hybrid
  photovoltaic/wind energy utilization schemes in
  MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software
  environment.

15
Research Objectives (Continue)

• 2. Select parameters to validate a number of
  novel efficient low cost dynamic error driven
  maximum photovoltaic power tracking controllers
  developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf for four novel low
  cost stand-alone renewable photovoltaic and
  hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy utilization
  schemes
• Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC
  motor drive scheme PV-DC Scheme I.
• Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme PV-DC
  Scheme II.
• Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme
  PV-AC Scheme.
• Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy
  utilization scheme Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

16
Low Cost Stand-alone Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind
Energy Utilization Schemes and Error Driven
Controllers

• Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC
  motor drive scheme PV-DC Scheme I.
• Photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter scheme PV-DC
  Scheme II.
• Photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter scheme
  PV-AC Scheme.
• Hybrid renewable photovoltaic/wind energy
  utilization scheme Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme.

17
Photovoltaic Four-Quadrant PWM Converter PMDC
Motor Drive Scheme PV-DC Scheme I
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter
PMDC motor drive system (Developed by Dr. A.M.
Sharaf)
18
Four-quadrant Operation of PWM Converter PMDC
motor drive

• Quadrant 1 Forward motoring (buck or step-down
  converter mode)
• Q1on Q2chopping Q3off
  Q4off
• Current freewheeling through
  D3 and Q1
• Quadrant 2 Forward regeneration (boost or
  step-up converter mode)
• Q1off Q2off Q3off
  Q4chopping
• Current freewheeling through
  D1 and D2
• Quadrant 3 Reverse motoring (buck converter
  mode)
• Q1off Q2off Q3on
  Q4chopping
• Current freewheeling through
  D1 and Q3
• Quadrant 4 Reverse regeneration (boost converter
  mode)
• Q1off Q2chopping Q3off
  Q4 off
• Current freewheeling through
  D3 and D4

19
Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar
Irradiation

• Variation of
• solar irradiation (Sx)

• Variation of
• ambient temperature (Tx)

20
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral
(PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus
Integral control system
21
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for
Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory
22
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for
Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)
23
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for
Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory
24
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller for
Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)
25
Dynamic Error Driven Self Adjusting Controller
(SAC)
Dynamic tri-loop self adjusting control (SAC)
system
26
Digital Simulation Results with SAC for
Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory
27
Digital Simulation Results with SAC for
Trapezoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)
28
Digital Simulation Results with SAC for
Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory
29
Digital Simulation Results with SAC for
Sinusoidal Reference Speed Trajectory (Continue)
30
Photovoltaic DC/DC Dual Converter Scheme PV-DC
Scheme II
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/DC dual converter
scheme for village electricity use
31
Dynamic Error DrivenProportional plus Integral
(PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus
Integral control system
32
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller
33
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
(Continue)
Without controller With PI controller
34
Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding
Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic dual-loop error driven variable structure
Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system
35
Switching surface in the (et-et) phase plane
36
Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

37
Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

38
Photovoltaic DC/AC Six-pulse Inverter Scheme
PV-AC Scheme
Stand-alone photovoltaic DC/AC six-pulse inverter
scheme for village electricity use
39
Variations of Ambient Temperature and Solar
Irradiation

• Variation of
• ambient temperature (Tx)

• Variation of
• solar irradiation (Sx)

40
Dynamic Error Driven Proportional plus Integral
(PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus
Integral control system
41
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller
42
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
(Continue)
Without controller With PI controller
43
Dynamic Error Driven Variable Structure Sliding
Mode Controller (SMC)
Dynamic tri-loop error driven variable structure
Sliding Mode Control (SMC) system
44
Digital Simulation Results with SMC
Without controller With SMC

45
Digital Simulation Results with SMC (Continue)
Without controller With SMC

46
Hybrid Renewable Photovoltaic/Wind Energy
Utilization Scheme Hybrid PV/Wind Scheme
Stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy
utilization scheme for village electricity use
47
Variations of Wind Speed (Vw)

• Variation of wind speed (Vw)

48
Dynamic Error DrivenProportional plus Integral
(PI) Controller
Dynamic tri-loop error driven Proportional plus
Integral control system
49
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
Without controller With PI controller
50
Digital Simulation Results with PI Controller
(Continue)
Without controller With PI controller
51

• The loop weighting factors (?v, ?i and ?p)
• and control gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to
  minimize a
• selected time weighted excursion index J0
• where
  
• 
  
• 
  is the
• magnitude of the hyper-plane error excursion
  vector
• N T0/Tsample
• T0 Largest mechanical time constant in the
  hybrid system (10s)
• Tsample Sampling time (0.2ms)

52
Time Weighted Excursion Index J0

• Digital simulation results of time weighted
  excursion index J0
• with different proportional and integral gains

53
Conclusions and Recommendations for Future
Research (I)

• 1. The full mathematical models for PV array
  modules were fully developed including the
  inherently nonlinear I-V characteristics and
  variations under ambient temperature and solar
  irradiation conditions.
• 2. The proposed stand-alone renewable
  photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy
  utilization schemes and robust dynamic control
  strategies were digitally simulated and validated
  using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems
  software environment.
• 3. The dynamic controllers require only the
  measured values of voltage and current signals in
  addition to the motor speed signals that can be
  easily measured with low cost sensors and
  transducers.
• 4. The proposed low cost stand-alone renewable
  photovoltaic and hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy
  utilization schemes are suitable for
  resort/village electricity application in the
  range of (1500 watts to 50000 watts), mostly for
  water pumping, ventilation, lighting, irrigation
  and village electricity use in arid remote
  communities.

54
Proposed Schemes, Controllers and Applications
 
55
Conclusions and Recommendations for Future
Research (II)

• 1. It is necessary to validate the proposed
  novel dynamic maximum photovoltaic power tracking
  control strategies by a specific laboratory
  facility using the low cost micro controllers.
• 2. The proposed dynamic effective and robust
  error driven control strategies can be extended
  to other control system applications. They are
  also flexible by adding supplementary control
  loops to adapt any control objectives of any
  systems. Further work can be focused on
  Artificial Intelligence (AI) control strategies.
• 3. The research can be expanded to the design
  and validation of dynamic FACTS with
  stabilization and compensation control strategies
  for other stand-alone renewable energy resource
  schemes as well as grid-connected renewable
  energy systems to make maximum utilization of the
  available energy resources.

56
Publications

• 1 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Tracking
  Controller for a Stand-alone Photovoltaic
  Scheme," International Conference on
  Communication, Computer and Power (ICCCP'05),
  Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, Feb. 14-16, 2005
  (Accepted).
• 2 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Maximum
  Power Tracking Controller for a Stand-alone
  Photovoltaic DC Motor Drive," 18th Annual
  Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer
  Engineering (CCECE05), Saskatoon, Canada, May
  1-4, 2005 (Accepted).
• 3 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Low Cost
  Stand-alone Photovoltaic Scheme for Four Quadrant
  PMDC Motor Drive," International Conference on
  Renewable Energy and Power Quality (ICREPQ'05),
  Zaragoza, Spain, March 16-18, 2005 (Submitted).
• 4 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "An Efficient
  Photovoltaic DC Village Electricity Scheme Using
  a Sliding Mode Controller," 2005 IEEE Conference
  on Control Applications (CCA05), Toronto, Canada,
  August 28-31, 2005 (Submitted).
• 5 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient
  Stand-alone Photovoltaic Energy Utilization
  Scheme for Village Electricity," 8th
  International Conference on Electrical Power
  Quality and Utilization, Cracow, Poland,
  September 21-23, 2005 (Submitted).
• 6 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "A Novel Efficient
  Stand-alone Hybrid Photovoltaic/Wind Energy
  Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity,"
  International Conference on Electrical Drives and
  Power Electronics, Dubrovnik, Croatia, September
  26-28, 2005 (Submitted).
• 7 A.M. Sharaf, Liang Yang, "Novel Dynamic
  Control Strategies for Efficient Utilization of a
  Stand-alone Photovoltaic System," Electric Power
  Systems Research (Submitted).

57
Standalone Wind Energy Utilization Scheme and
Novel Control Strategies

• Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

58
Outline

• Introduction
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched
  Capacitor Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel
  Compensation Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
  Compensation Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal
  Power Compensation 1 Scheme

59
Outline

• Stand-alone WECS with Universal DC-Link
  Compensation Scheme
• Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using
  Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2
  Scheme
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Models
• Publications

60
1.Introduction1.1 Wind Energy

• Wind energy one of the most significant,
  alternative energy resources.
• Most wind turbines use the three phase
  asynchronous induction generator for it is low
  lost, reliable and less maintenance.
• However, the voltage stability problem of a wind
  driven induction generator system is fully
  dependent on wind gusting conditions and
  electrical load changes.
• New interface technologies are needed

61
1.Introduction1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes

• Six novel techniques and compensation schemes
  developed by Dr. Sharaf in this thesis are
  proposed.
• Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC)
• Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor (DSPC)
• Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
• Dynamic Dual-switching Universal Power
  Compensation 1 and 2 (DUPC12)
• Universal DC-Link Compensation (UDCC)

62
1.Introduction1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes

• Six PWM switched controllers developed by Dr.
  Sharaf are studied in this thesis .
• Aux controller.
• Tri-loop (voltage, current and power signals)
  error driven PID controller.
• Dual-loop (voltage and current) error driven PID
  controller.
• Tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid
  controller
• Voltage regulator controller.
• Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller.

63
Standalone Wind Energy Utilization Scheme and
Novel Control Strategies

• Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

64
Outline

• Introduction
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series Switched
  Capacitor Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series/Parallel
  Compensation Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
  Compensation Scheme
• Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching Universal
  Power Compensation 1 Scheme

65
Outline

• Stand-alone WECS with Universal DC-Link
  Compensation Scheme
• Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System Using
  Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation2
  Scheme
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• Models
• Publications

66
1.Introduction1.1 Wind Energy

• Wind energy one of the most significant,
  alternative energy resources.
• Most wind turbines use the three phase
  asynchronous induction generator for it is low
  lost, reliable and less maintenance.
• However, the voltage stability problem of a wind
  driven induction generator system is fully
  dependent on wind gusting conditions and
  electrical load changes.
• New interface technologies are needed

67
1.Introduction1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes

• Six novel techniques and compensation schemes
  developed by Dr. Sharaf in this thesis are
  proposed.
• Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC)
• Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor (DSPC)
• Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation (DHPC)
• Dynamic Dual-switching Universal Power
  Compensation 1 and 2 (DUPC12)
• Universal DC-Link Compensation (UDCC)

68
1.Introduction1.2 Wind Energy Conversion Schemes

• Six PWM switched controllers developed by Dr.
  Sharaf are studied in this thesis .
• Aux controller.
• Tri-loop (voltage, current and power signals)
  error driven PID controller.
• Dual-loop (voltage and current) error driven PID
  controller.
• Tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid
  controller
• Voltage regulator controller.
• Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller.

69
1.Introduction1.3 Standalone WECS Components

• The Stand-alone WECS comprises the following main
  components
• (1) Wind Turbine
• (2) Gear Box
• (3) Induction or Synchronous Generator
  (see the appendix A.2 for
  generator models)
• (4) Stabilization Interface Scheme and
  Stabilization Controller
• (5) The Electric Load

70
1.Introduction1.3 Standalone WECS Components
71
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.1 Stand-alone WECS
Modeling and Description
Figure 2.1 depicts the sample WECS with Dynamic
Series Switched Capacitor (DSSC) scheme
WECS Parameters are shown in Appendix A.1
72
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.2 DSSC Compensation
Scheme
Figure 4 depicts DSSC Stabilization Scheme using
Back to Back Gate Turn off GTO switching Device
(per phase).
73
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.3 Proposed Dynamic
Control System
Figure 2.3 depicts Tri-loop Error Driven PID
Controlled PWM Switching Scheme
How the Controller Parameters are selected is
Shown in Appendix A.3 And the PWM model is shown
in Appendix A.4
74
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.4 Digital
Simulation and Results
Figure 2.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model
75
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.4 Digital
Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion a)
Under linear and non-linear load excursion from
0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50 (100kVA) linear load
from 0.4s-0.6s, we apply 60 (120kVA)
non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSSC
compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation
76
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.4 Digital
Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion b)
Under Motor load excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we
apply a 20 (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSSC
compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation
77
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.4 Digital
Simulation and Results
Case two under wind excursion From 0.3s-0.6s,
the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSSC
compensation scheme
Without DSSC Compensation
With DSSC Compensation
78
Chap2. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Series
Switched Capacitor Scheme 2.5 Conclusions

• The DSSC Facts compensation scheme is effective
  for generator bus voltage stabilization of the
  linear, non-liner load excursions as well as wind
  speed excursions.
• But it can not compensate for large induction
  motor excursion.
• Tri-loop dynamic error driven PID controller
  works well to control the compensation scheme

79
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.1
Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 3.1 depicts the sample full stand-alone
wind energy system with squirrel cage induction
generator, hybrid load and DSPC compensation
80
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.2
DSPC Compensation Scheme
Figure 3.2 showed Low Cost Dynamic
Series/Parallel Capacitor Compensations
Stabilization Scheme using the Back to Back Gate
Turn off GTO12 switching Devices (Per phase)
81
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3
Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 3.3 showed the Tri-loop nonlinear
Self-adjusting Tan-sigmoid Controller
82
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3
Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 3.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Systems Matlab/Simulink Functional Model
83
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3
Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion a)
Under linear and non-linear load excursion from
0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50 (100kVA) linear load
from 0.4s-0.6s, we apply 60 (120kVA)
non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSPC
compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation
84
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3
Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion b)
Under Motor load excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we
apply a 20 (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSPC
compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation
85
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.3
Matlab Digital Simulation and Results
Case Two under wind excursion From 0.3s-0.6s,
the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DSPC
compensation scheme
Without DSPC Compensation
With DSPC Compensation
86
Chap3. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic
Series/Parallel Switched Capacitor Scheme 3.4
Conclusions

• The Matllab/Simulink simulations validate that
  the DSPC compensation are very effective for the
  electric linear, non-liner, motor excursion and
  wind excursion.
• The proposed low cost DSPC voltage compensation
  scheme is suitable for isolated wind energy
  conversion systems feeding linear and non-liner
  and motor type loads
• The tri-loop nonlinear self-adjusting tan-sigmoid
  controller is effective for controlling the
  compensation scheme.

87
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.1 Stand-alone WECS
Modeling and Description
Figure 4.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy
Conversion Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric
Load
88
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation scheme
Figure 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation
(DHPC) Stabilization Scheme using the Back to
Back Gate Turn off GTO and 6 Pulse VSC-PWM
Controller (3 phase)
89
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.2 Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation scheme
Figure 4.3 below is the 6 Pulse Thyristor- VSC
Converter
90
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.3 Proposed Dynamic Control
System
Figure 4.4 is the Tri-loop Error Driven PID
Controller
91
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and
Results
Figure 4.5 is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Matlab/ Simulink Functional System Model
92
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and
Results
Case one under electrical load excursion a)
Under linear and non-linear load excursion from
0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50 (100kVA) linear load
from 0.4s-0.6s, we apply 60 (120kVA)
non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DHPC
compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation
93
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and
Results
Case one under electrical load excursion b)
Under Motor load excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we
apply a 20 (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DHPC
compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation
94
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.4 Digital Simulation and
Results
Case two under wind excursion From 0.3s-0.6s,
the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DHPC
compensation scheme
Without DHPC Compensation
With DHPC Compensation
95
Chap4. Stand-alone WECS with Dynamic Hybrid Power
Compensation Scheme 4.5 Conclusions

• Digital simulation results validate that this new
  DHPC scheme is very effective for bus voltage
  stabilization under electric load disturbance
  including linear, non-linear load and motor load
  excursions.
• The proposed novel tri-loop dynamic controller is
  very effective for the compensation scheme.

96
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.1
Stand-alone WECS Modeling and Description
Figure 5.1 showed Stand Alone Wind Energy
Conversion Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Electric
Load
97
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.2
Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation 1
Scheme
Figure 5.2 depicts Dual-switching Universal
Power Compensation1 (DUPC1) Stabilization Scheme
using the 6 Pulse VSC-PWM Controller and IGBT
98
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.3
Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used two novel controllers,
dual-loop error driven PID controller and Aux
Controller
Figure 5.3 is the Dual-loop Error Driven PID
Controller
99
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.3
Proposed Dynamic Control System
Figure 5.4 below showed the Aux Controller
100
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.4
Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Figure 5.5 is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Matlab/Simulink Functional System Model
101
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.4
Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion a)
Under linear and non-linear load excursion from
0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50 (100kVA) linear load
from 0.4s-0.6s, we apply 60 (120kVA)
non-linear load.
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DUPC1
compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation
102
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.4
Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion b)
Under Motor load excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we
apply a 20 (20kVA) induction motor load
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DUPC1
compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation
103
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme5.4
Matlab/Simulink Digital Simulation and Results
Case two under wind excursion From 0.3s-0.6s,
the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with DUPC1
compensation scheme
Without DUPC1 Compensation
With DUPC1 Compensation
104
Chap5. Stand-alone WECS with Dual-switching
Universal Power Compensation 1 Scheme
5.5Conclusions

• This new DUPC1 compensator scheme is very
  effective in stabilizing generator bus voltage as
  well as enhancing power/energy utilization under
  favorable wind gusting conditions
• The novel dual-loop dynamic controller is
  extremely flexible and can be easily modified to
  include other supplementary loops such as
  generator power

105
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.1
Standalone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme
Description
Figure B.1 Stand Alone Wind Energy Conversion
Scheme Diagram with Hybrid Load and
Universal Power Compensator
106
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.2
Universal DC-Link Compensation Scheme
Figure B.2 Universal DC-Link (Rectifier-DC-Link-I
nverter) Scheme using 6 Pulse Diode and 6 Pulse
GTO (3 phase)
107
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.3
Proposed Dynamic Control System
In this research we used a Voltage Regulator
Controller (VRC). The figure below shows the
structure of the controller.
Referred to Matlab/Demo
108
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.4 show the stand-alone wind energy
system model and wind subsystem model
109
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Figure B.5 is the Wind Subsystem Model
110
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion a)
Under linear and non-linear load excursion from
0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50 (100kVA) linear load
from 0.4s-0.6s, we apply 60 (120kVA)
non-linear load.
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation
111
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion b)
Under Motor load excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we
apply a 20 (20kVA) induction motor load
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation
112
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Case two under wind excursion From 0.3s-0.6s,
the wind speed was decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation
113
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.4 Matlab
Digital Simulation and Results
Case three under temporary full short circuit
fault (grounding) excursion. From 0.2s to 0.3s,
all loads are grounded
The figures below showed us the dynamic response
of generator voltage without and with UDCC
compensation scheme
Without UDCC Compensation
With UDCC Compensation
114
Appendix B Stand-alone WECS with
Universal DC-Link Compensation SchemeB.5
Conclusions

• This new UDCC compensator scheme is very
  effective in stabilizing the generator bus
  voltage under all electric loads and wind gusting
  conditions as well as full three phase short
  circuit fault.
• the UDCC Facts-device showed its special
  advantage that it can compensate for full three
  phase short circuit fault.
• The Voltage stabilization is complex and suitable
  in large wind farm utilization scheme with one
  load collection center

115
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.1 Standalone WECS
Description
Figure C.1 showed the Wind-Diesel Standalone
Energy Conversion Scheme Diagram with Hybrid
Electric Load and Switching DUPC2 Scheme
116
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.2 Dual-switching Universal
Power Compensation Scheme2
Figure C.2 showed Dual Switching Universal Power
Compensation (DUPC2) Scheme2
117
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.3 Proposed Novel
Controller System
Figure C.3 is the Tri-loop Error Driven Sliding
Mode Controlled PWM Switching Scheme with Dynamic
Switching Surface
118
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Figure C.4 below is the Unified Sample Study A.C
Matlab/Simulink Functional System Model
119
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Figure C.5 is the Diesel Driven Synchronous
Generator Energy Subsystem Matlab/Simulink Model
The details of the Diesel Engine are shown in
Appendix A.5
120
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion (Wind
driven generator energy system only, no diesel
driven generator) a) Under linear and non-linear
load excursion from 0.1s to 0.3s, we apply 50
(100kVA) linear load from 0.4s-0.6s, we
apply 60 (120kVA) non-linear load.
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation
121
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Case one under electrical load excursion (Wind
driven generator energy system only, no diesel
driven generator) b) Under motor load
excursion from 0.2s to 0.4s, we apply a 20
(20kVA) induction motor load
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation
122
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Case two under wind speed excursion (Wind driven
generator energy system only, no diesel driven
generator) From 0.3s-0.6s, the wind speed was
decreased to 6m/s from 10m/s
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation
123
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Case three under three phase temporary short
circuit fault (Combined wind-diesel energy
system) From 0.1s to 0.2s, the system
experienced three phase short circuit fault, and
from 0.1s to 0.4s the standby diesel generator
was put into operation
Without DUPC2 Compensation
With DUPC2 Compensation
124
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Case Four Under the Diesel Engine Mechanical
Output Power Excursions (Combined wind-diesel
energy system) From 0.2-0.3sec the output of
diesel engine mechanical power increases 100
(0.3pu) and from 0.3-0.4sec it decrease 100
(0.3pu).
Voltage of Gen Bus
Current of Gen Bus
PQ of Gen Bus
125
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.4 Matlab/Simulink Digital
Simulations and Results
Voltage of Load Bus
Current of Load Bus
PQ of Load Bus
126
Appendix C Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System
Using Dual-switching Universal Power
Compensation2 SchemeB.5 Conclusions

• The DUPC2 compensation scheme is very effective
  for voltage stabilization under the linear,
  non-liner and motor load excursions as well as
  wind speed and diesel on-off excursions.
• During emergency three phase short circuit fault
  condition, the standby diesel generator can keep
  the voltage of the generator bus at 1.0pu.
• The proposed wind/ diesel energy system combined
  with stabilization scheme DUPC2 is fully suitable
  for all isolated wind energy conversion systems
  in the range 0.5-2MW.

127
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1
Conclusions

• Six schemes developed by Dr.A.M.Sharaf are fully
  validated and compared in table 1 next slide.
• 1 Dynamic Series Switched Capacitor compensation
  scheme (DSSC)
• 2 Dynamic Series/Parallel Capacitor compensation
  scheme (DSPC)
• 3 Dynamic Hybrid Power Compensation scheme (HPC)
• 4 Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation
  scheme1 (DUPC1)
• 5Universal DC-Link Compensation scheme (UDCC)
• 6Dual-switching Universal Power Compensation
  scheme2 (DUPC2)

128
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1
Conclusions
DSSC DSPC HPC DUPC1 UDCC DUPC2
Elements Switched Series CAPs Fixed Parallel CAPs 1 GTO Switched Series and Parallel CAPs 2 GTO Switched Series CAPs Switched 6 pulse GTO DC Cap Switched Series CAPs Switched 6 pulse GTO DC Cap Switched filter 2GTO 1 IGBT Switched 6 pulse Diode Switched 6 pulse GTO RLC Switched Series CAPs Switched 6 pulse GTO switched filter 1GTO 2IGBT
Controller Used Tri-loop PID Tri-loop Tan- sigmoid Tri-loop PID Dual-loop PID Aux Voltage Regulator Controller Tri-loop Sliding Mode
Switching PWM (200 Hz) PWM (200 Hz) PWM (195Hz) PWM (195 Hz) PWM (1000 Hz) N/A
129
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1
Conclusions
Availability Linear, Nonlinear and wind excursions Linear, Nonlinear ,Motor and wind excursions Linear, Nonlinear, Motor and wind excursions Linear, Nonlinear, Motor and wind excursions Linear, Nonlinear, Motor, full fault and wind excursions Linear, Nonlinear, Motor and wind excursions
Performance Limited Good Better Better Best Better
Complexity Simple Simple Complex Complex Complex Complex
Cost Low Low Reasonable High Low High
Suitable Size (kw) 50-500 50-500 500-2000 500-2000 Large Utility Large Utility
130
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1
Conclusions

• Rules of How to Choose Controllers
• Tri-loop error driven PID controller is suitable
  and popular for all compensation schemes, but
  sometimes we are not satisfied with it, so in
  some cases it is not the best one.
• When we are not satisfied with tri-loop error
  driven PID controller, we have to develop or find
  a new controller for example the Voltage
  Regulator Controller which is better than
  tri-loop error driven PID controller for DUCC.
• If a simpler controller (for example dual-loop
  error driven PID controller and Aux controller)
  or any other controller (for example the
  nonlinear self-adjusted tan-sigmoid controller
  Tri-loop error driven sliding mode controller) is
  as good as tri-loop error driven PID controller
  then we will not use the tri-loop error driven
  PID controller so that we can have many choices.

131
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1
Extensions

• The proposed novel stabilization schemes can be
  extended to other hybrid energy schemes such as
  solar/small hydro/micro-gas/hydrogen fired
  turbine/biomass/fuel cell, microgas turbines and
  hybrid systems.
• The era of hydrogen technology is dawning with
  new hybrid fuel technologies using PV/Wind/ Small
  Hydro to produce hydrogen from water. This
  hydrogen will be used in remote sites in
  producing electricity via Fuel Cell large units

132
Appendix A Models A.1 WECS Parameters Selected
of DSSC Scheme

• WECS Parameters
• A.1.1 Induction Generator
• (3 phase, 2 pairs of poles)
• Vg4160V(L-L), Sg1MVA, Cself217uF
• A.1.2 Selected Per Unit Base Value
• Sbase 1MVA, Vbase4160V/25kV (Generator/
  Transmission Line and Load)

133
Appendix A Models A.1 WECS Parameters Selected
of DSSC Scheme

• A.1.3 Feeder Line (3 phase)
• Vline-line 25kV, Length 20km
• Positive sequence parameters R1 0.45
  Ohms/km, L1 0.928mH, C1infinite
• A1.14 Transformers
• Generator side 4160V/1MVA
• Load Side 25kV/1MVA/

134
Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
A.2.1 3 Phase Induction Generator Model Below
is the Induction Generator d-q Model
135
Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
Electrical System Equations as Follows (Flux
Models)
Where
Where
Where
Where
136
Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
Mechanical System Equations
137
Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
A.2.2 3 Phase Synchronous Generator Model
The electrical model of the machine is
138
Appendix A Models A.2 Generator Models
The Synchronous Machine block implements the
mechanical system described by
139
Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters

• Controller parameters are selected by guided
  trial and error
• (1) Define an excursion based performance index
• Where NsTsettling/Tsample, Tsettlinglargest
  mechanical time constant

140
Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters

• (2) Select control loop weightings (gamma) to
  reflect the controller main objective, with the
  assign the largest loop weight for the voltage
  loop stabilization.
• (3) Select different delay times to ensure
  multi-loop-decoupling and the control priority
  assignment, ensure dynamic tracking error delay
  of half cycle for the fast electrical loops and
  few cycles for the slow mechanical loops.
• (4) Avoid the creation of any near resonance
  condition
• (5) Avoid any control loop/system unstable
  interaction by ensuring full control
  loop-decoupling of the multi-loop structure

141
Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters

• (6) Select the controller PID parameters to
  ensure fast controllability and voltage
  stabilization as well as short settling time (Kd
  is very small, if used)
• (7) Minimize the index J under a number of
  sequenced wind and load excursions over a
  selected settling time (1-2 times the largest
  time constant in the system)
• (8) Repeat the optimization guided procedure
  until delta error especially voltage is within
  maximum - 10 in a short settling period and
  max wind power is somewhat extracted also no
  severe oscillations in the dynamic response,
  damped or over-damped dynamic response.

142
Appendix A Models A.3 Controller Parameters
The figure below showed J-Ki-Kp 3-phase-portait
for Controller Parameter Searching
Start
End
143
Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
Below is the Structure of PWM Model
Referred to Matlab/Help
144
Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models

• The PWM Generator block generates pulses for
  carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM)
  systems. The block can be used to fire the
  self-commuted devices (FETs, GTOs, or IGBTs) of
  single-phase, two-phase, three-phase, or a
  combination of two three-phase bridges.
• The number of pulses generated by the PWM
  Generator block is determined by the number of
  bridge arms you have to control

145
Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models

• The pulses are generated by comparing a
  triangular carrier waveform to a reference
  sinusoidal signal. The reference signal can be
  generated by the PWM generator itself, or it can
  be generated from a signal connected at the input
  of the block. In the second option, the PWM
  Generator needs one reference signal to generate
  the pulses for a single- or a two-arm bridge, or
  it needs a three-phase reference signal to
  generate the pulses for a three-phase bridge
  (single or double bridge
• The amplitude (modulation), phase, and frequency
  of the reference signals are set to control the
  output voltage (on the AC terminals) of the
  bridge connected to the PWM Generator block.

146
Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The following figure displays the two pulses
generated by the PWM Generator block when
programmed to control a one-arm bridge
147
Appendix A Models A.4 PWM Models
The following figure displays the six pulses
generated by the PWM Generator block when
programmed to control a three-arm bridge.
148
Appendix A Models A.5 Diesel Engine Model
The figure below is the Structure of the Diesel
Engine
149
Appendix A Models A.5 Diesel Engine Model

• The diesel engine comprises diesel engine
  governor and excitation system.
• The diesel engine governor include the control
  system, actuator and diesel engine it inputs
  desired and actual speed, output diesel engine
  mechanical power.
• The excitation system provides excitation for the
  synchronous machine and regulates its terminal
  voltage. The first input of the block is the
  desired value of the stator terminal voltage. The
  following two inputs are the vsq and vsd
  components of the terminal voltage. The fourth
  input can be used to provide additional
  stabilization of power system oscillations.

150
Publications

• A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, A Low Cost Dynamic
  Voltage Stabilization Scheme for Stand Alone Wind
  Induction Generator System. ICCCP05 Oman
  (Accepted).
• A.M. Sharaf, Liang Zhao, A Hybrid Power
  Compensation Scheme for Voltage Stabilization of
  Stand Alone Wind Induction Generator System.
  CCECE05 (Accepted).
• A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, A Universal Power
  Compensation (UPC) Scheme for Voltage
  Stabilization of Stand Alone Wind Induction
  Generator System, 2005 IEEE Conference on
  Control Applications, August 28-31, 2005,
  Toronto, Canada. (Submitted)
• A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao,A Dual Switching
  Universal Power Compensation Scheme for
  Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy System, 8th
  International Conference on Electrical Power
  Quality and Utilization, Sep 21-23, Cracow,
  Poland. (Submitted)
• A.M. Sharaf, and Liang Zhao, Novel Control
  Strategies for Wind-Diesel Standalone Energy
  System Using Dual Switching Facts Universal Power
  Stabilization Scheme, EPSR- Elsevier Jounal.
  (Submitted)

151
Dynamic Filter Compensator Schemes for Monitoring
and Damping Subsynchronous Resonance Oscillations

• Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf
• Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

152
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Introduction
• Objectives
• Background review of SSR
• Modeling details for
• -Synchronous generators
• -Induction motors
• Sample dynamic simulation results
• Conclusions and future extensions

153
Introduction
What is Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)?
Subsynchronous Frequency

• Subsynchronous resonance is an electric power
  system condition where the electric network
  exchanges energy with a turbine generator at one
  or more of the natural frequencies of the
  combined electrical and mechanical system below
  the synchronous frequency of the system.
• Example of SSR oscillations
• SSR was first discussed in 1937
• Two shaft failures at Mohave Generating Station
  (Southern Nevada, 1970s)

Where - Synchronous Frequency
60 Hz - Electrical
Frequency - Inductive Line Reactance
- Capacitive Bank Reactance



154
Objectives

• 1. Study Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR)
  oscillations for synchronous generators and large
  induction motors
• 2. Explore a new method to monitor SSR shaft
  torsional oscillations
• 3. Develop and validate a novel dynamic control
  scheme to damp SSR shaft torsional oscillations

155
Background Review of SSR

• SSR Torsional Modes Analysis
• -Mechanical System (inertia, shaft stiffness,
  etc.)
• -Electrical System
• Mechanical test shows that the natural torsional
  modes as a function of inertia and shaft
  stiffness.
• Torsional modes of frequency used in this study
  are between 11 and 45Hz.
• (typically 15.71Hz 20.21Hz 24.65Hz
  32.28Hz 44.99Hz)
• Categories of SSR Interactions

• Torsional interaction
• Induction generator effect
• Shaft torque amplification
• Combined effect of torsional interaction and
  induction generator
• Self-excitation
• Torsional natural frequencies and mode shapes

156
Background Review of SSR

• Other sources for excitation of SSR oscillations
• Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
• HVDC Converter
• Static Var Compensator (SVC)
• Variable Speed Drive Converter

157
Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Sample Study System

• Figure 1. Sample Series Compensated
  Turbine-Generator and Infinite Bus System

Figure 2. Turbine-Generator Shaft Model
Table 1. Mechanical Data
158
Modeling for Synchronous Generator
Figure 3. Matlab/Simulink Unified System Model
for the Sample Turbine-Generator and Infinite
Bus System
159
The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme

Figure 4. Proposed Intelligent Shaft Monitoring
(ISM) Scheme
160
The Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) Scheme

- The result signal of (LPF, HPF, BPF)
377 Radians/Second
T0 0.15 s, T1 0.1 s, T 2 0.1s, T3
0.02 s
Figure 5. Matlab Proposed Intelligent Shaft
Monitoring (ISM) Scheme with Synthesized Special
Indicator Signals ( )
161
The Dynamic Filter Compensator (DFC) Scheme
-Shunt Modulated Power Filter
-Series Capacitor
-Fixed Capacitor
Figure 6. Facts Based Dynamic Filter Compensator
Using Two GTO Switches S1, S2 Per Phase
162
Control System Design


Figure 8. DFC Device Using Synthesized Damping
Signals ( ) Magnitudes
163
Control System Design


Figure 7. Dynamic Error Tracking Control Scheme
for the DFC Compensator
164
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 9. Monitoring Synthesized Signals without
DFC Compensation Under Short Circuit Fault
Condition
165
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 10. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response
without DFC Compensation Under Short Circuit
Fault Condition
166
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 11. Monitoring Synthesized Signals (
) with DFC Compensation Under Short
Circuit Fault Condition
167
Simulation Results for Synchronous Generator
Figure 12. SSR Oscillatory Dynamic Response with
DFC Compensation Under Short Circuit Fault
Condition
168
Modeling Details for Induction Motor

• Figure 13. Induction Motor Unified System Model

169
The Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) Scheme
Figure 14. Novel Dynamic Power Filter Scheme with
MPF/SCC Stages
170
Control System Design


Figure 15. Tri-loop Dynamic Damping Controller
171
Control System Design


Figure 16. Tri-loop Error-Driven Error-Scaled
Dynamic Controller Using a Nonlinear Tansigmoid
Activation Function
172
Control System Design
Figure 17. Proposed Tansigmoid Error-Driven
Error-Scaled Control Block


173
Synthesized Monitoring Signals
Where
Figure 18. Voltage Transformed Synthetic Signals
Figure 19. Current Transformed Synthetic Signals
174
Simulation Results for Induction Motor
Without Damping DPF Device
With Damping DPF Device
Figure 20. Monitoring Signals P Q
Figure 21. Monitoring Signals P Q
175
Simulation Results for Induction Motor
Without Damping DPF Device
With Damping DPF Device
Figure 22. Shaft Torque Oscillatory Dynamic
Response
Figure 23. Load Power versus Current, Voltage
Phase Portrait
176
Summery Three Cases Comparison
Case 2
Case 1
Case 3
Figure 24. Monitoring SignalsWithout SSR Modes
Figure 25. Monitoring SignalsWith SSR Modes But
Without DPF
Figure 26. Monitoring SignalsWith SSR Modes
AndWith DPF
177
Summery Three Cases Comparison
Case 2
Case 1
Case 3
Figure 27. Monitoring SignalsWithout SSR Modes
Figure 28. Monitoring SignalsWith SSR Modes But
Without DPF
Figure 29. Monitoring SignalsWith SSR Modes
AndWith DPF
178
Summery Three Cases Comparison
Figure 30. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic
Response without SSR Modes
Case 1
Figure 31. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic
Response with SSR Modes But without DPF
Case 2
Figure 32. Shaft Torque and Speed Dynamic
Response with SSR Modes And with DPF
Case 3
179
Summery Three Cases Comparison
Figure 33. Stator Current Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) without SSR Modes
Case 1
Figure 34. Stator Current Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) with SSR Modes but without DPF
Case 2
Figure 35. Stator Current Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) with SSR Modes and with DPF
Case 3
180
Conclusions and Future Extensions

• For both synchronous generators and induction
  motor drives, the SSR shaft torsional
  oscillations can be monitored using the online
  Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM) scheme. The ISM
  monitor is based on the shape of these 2-d and
  3-d phase portraits and polarity of synthesized
  signals
• The proposed Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) scheme is
  validated for SSR torsional modes damping
• Future work includes
• Develop a Matlab based monitoring software
  environment- the Intelligent Shaft Monitor (ISM)
  system for commercialization
• Test a low power laboratory model of the
  prototype Dynamic Power Filter (DPF) and control
  scheme.

181
Publications
1 A.M. Sharaf and Bo Yin Damping
Subsynchronous Resonance Oscillations Using A
Dynamic Switched Filter-Compensator Scheme,
International Conference on Renewable Energies
and Power Quality (ICREPQ04), Barcelona, March,
2004. 2 A.M. Sharaf Bo Yin and M. Hassan
A Novel On-line Intelligent Shaft-Torsional
Oscillation Monitor for Large Induction Motors
and Synchronous Generators, CCECE04, IEEE
Toronto Conference, May, 2004. (Accepted)