http:www'faculty'uaf'eduffsrClassesnrm694'html

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http//www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffsr/Classes/nrm694.htm
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The Bruntland Report (1987) defined sustainable
development as   development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
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The Dictionary of Forestry defines (as adapted
from the Montreal Process, 1995) sustainable
forestry as

• The practice of meeting the forest resource needs
  and values of the present without compromising
  the similar capability of future generations
  note sustainable forest management involves
  practicing a land stewardship ethic that
  integrates the reforestation, managing, growing,
  nurturing, and harvesting of trees for useful
  products with the conservation of soil, air and
  water quality, wildlife and fish habitat, and
  aesthetics.
• The stewardship and use of forests and forest
  lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains
  their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration
  capacity, vitality, and potential to fulfill, now
  and in the future, relevant ecological, economic,
  and social functions at local, national, and
  global levels, and that does not cause damage to
  other ecosystems note criteria for sustainable
  forestry include (a) conservation of biological
  diversity, (b) maintenance of productive capacity
  of forest ecosystems, (c) maintenance of forest
  ecosystem health and vitality, (d) conservation
  and maintenance of soil and water resources, (e)
  maintenance of forest contributions to global
  carbon cycles, (f) maintenance and enhancement of
  long-term multiple socioeconomic benefits to meet
  the needs of societies, and (g) a legal,
  institutional, and economic framework for forest
  conservation and sustainable management.

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Elements of Sustainability
Adapted from Floyd, 2002
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Forests and Society

• Nature is sacred
• Source of fuelwood and building materials
• Provide hunting and gathering opportunities
• Sites for intensive agriculture

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Forest Conservation

• Ancient reserves and protected areas
• Fuelwood
• Ship timbers
• Royal hunting
• Preservation and protection (Emerson, Thoreau,
  Muir)
• Utilitarian approach
• USDA Division of Forestry
• greatest good for the greatest number over the
  long term.

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Scientific Forestry

• Multiple-Use Sustained Yield Act, 1960
• Wilderness Act, 1964
• Public forest management shift
• Product management ? Protecting ecological
  processes

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Sustained Yield

• 1000 ha forest 50 parcels 20-ha parcels
• 100-yr rotation 10-yr cutting rotation

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Sustained Yield

• 1000 ha forest 50 parcels 20-ha parcels
• 100-yr rotation 10-yr cutting rotation

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Even and Uneven Age Management
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The Adaptive Cycle
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The Adaptive Cycle
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Forest Development

• Initial floristics versus relay floristics
• Focuses on stand structure versus processes
• Development pattern divided into 4 stages

r
K
Adapted from Oliver, 1981
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Slow and Fast State Variables
Adapted from Johnson, 1992
Photos by Sharon Johnson
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Criteria and Indicators

• How do we know sustainable forestry when we see
  it?
• Criteria goals Indicators measures of
  achievement
• Originated in 1990 by the International Tropical
  Timber Organization (ITTO) to organize the
  tropical timber trade and establish sustainable
  management guidelines for planted and natural
  tropical forests
• Several intergovernmental efforts (a.k.a.
  Processes) have occurred

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1 In the Montreal Process, Forest Resource is
considered not a criterion but an indicator for
other criteria. 2 In the Tarapoto Proposal, the
criteria Extent of Forest Resources and
Biological Diversity are combined into one
criterion. 3 In the Dry Zone Africa proposal, the
criteria Global Carbon Cycles and Extent of
Forest Resources are combined in one criterion. 4
The ITTO developed supplementary guidelines for
biodiversity rather than include it as a
criterion.
Sources Floyd, 2002 FAO, 1997
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Forest Certification

• Programs (and standards) developed by private
  industry and NGOs
• Attempts to use market forces to achieve
  sustainable management practices
• Aims for management practices that go beyond
  legal requirements and that promote good forest
  stewardship

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Green Labels

• Applied to finished wood and paper products
• Certifies both sustainable production as well as
  manufacturing processes
• Ex. - Home Depot, Wickes, Lowes, and 84 Lumber
• Very small portion of the US market

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Challenges and Limits Population Growth

• Forest clearing for food production
• Fuelwood and building materials
• FAOs - State of the Worlds Forests, 1999
• The major causes of change in forest cover in
  the tropics appear to be expansion of subsistence
  agriculture in Africa and Asia and large economic
  development programmes involving resettlement,
  agriculture and infrastructure in Latin America
  and Asia.

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Challenges and Limits - Institutions

• Developing countries have poorly developed (or
  nonexistent) property rights, governmental
  regulations, and markets for forest products
• In contrast, forested area has increased with
  population growth (over the past 30-40 yr) in
  North America and Europe

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Challenges and Limits Other Issues

• Demand for forest products
• Climate change
• Intensive forest management
• Forest resource assessments
• Dynamic forests these times they are a
  changing.