VISION

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VISION

• HOW DOES VISION LOSS AFFECT BEHAVIOR?

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IMPACT OF VISION LOSS

• THE VISUAL SENSE HELPS TO
• Inform (what is happening over there?)
• Locate (Where am I? Where are others?)
• Instruct (How do I stand? Sit? Gain notice?)
• Motivate (How do I get what I want?)
• Anticipate (What happens next?)

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DISTANT SENSES

• VISION
• HEARING
• THESE SENSES ALLOW A PERSON TO ACCESS OBJECTS AND
  INFORMATION THAT ARE NOT IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH
  THE BODY

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BLINDNESS

• 80 of blindness is treatable/preventable
• Leading causes cataract, trachoma (infection of
  the cornea), nutritional deficiencies, refractive
  errors
• Preventable blindness is caused by trauma, diet,
  environment infections

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VISION FOR COMMUNICATION

• IN ORDER TO LEARN LANGUAGE, CHILDREN WHO ARE
  DEAFBLIND MUST DEPEND UPON OTHERS TO MAKE
  LANGUAGE ACCESSIBLE TO THEM.
• BARBARA MILES

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CHALLENGES

• HOW TO MAKE SENSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
• HOW TO COMMUNICATE MEANINGFULLY WITH FAMILY AND
  OTHERS
• HOW TO MOVE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT INDEPENDENTLY

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ETIOLOGY

• GENETIC
• DISEASE
• SYNDROME
• PREMATURITY

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ASSESSMENT OF VISION

• OPTHOMOLOGICAL
• FUNCTIONAL
• CLASSROOM CHECKLIST

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ASSESSMENT OF COGNITION STAGE 1, OBJECT CONCEPT

• DEAF
• Attach cup with plastic chain to arm of high
  chair reinforce process for retrieving cup.
  Child grabs chain/looks. Adult models MORE
• When child signs MORE as a request, adult models
  acknowledgement YOU WANT MORE

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VARIATIONS OF LANGUAGE INPUT

• MORE
• YOU WANT MORE
• MORE MILK
• WANT MORE MILK
• WANT DRINK MILK

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VARIATIONS OF REQUEST OR RESPONSE

• YES (NONVERBAL OR VERBAL)
• MORE
• MILK
• DRINK
• WHEN CHILD INITIATES, ADULT COMMENTS AND EXPANDS

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ADAPTATIONS FOR A CHILD WHO IS DEAFBLIND

• CHOOSE THE MOST SALIENT SIGN FOR STAGE I INPUT
• WANT RATHER THAN MORE
• DRINK RATHER THAN MILK

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PROGRESSION FROM STAGE I TO STAGE II

• WANT
• WANT DRINK
• WANT DRINK MILK
• MODEL FROM THE CHILDS PERSPECTIVE UNTIL STAGE
  III IS ACHIEVED

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HOLOPHRASTIC WORDS

• KINGO
• BLAME
• SHARE
• WHERE IS HE?

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

• AMOUNT AND QUALITY OF LIGHT
• BEST DISTANCE FROM VISUAL TARGET
• BEST SIGNING PLACEMENT
• CAN CHILD SHIFT GAZE?
• IS BACKGROUND DISTRACTING?
• (VISUAL CLUTTER)

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USE OF PICTURES

• ENLARGED PHOTOS
• LINE DRAWINGS (BLACK AND WHITE)
• RAISED SURFACE, MAT FINISH
• RAISED LINES

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VICARIOUS LEARNING

• REPEATED, MEANINGFUL EXPERIENCES WITH PEOPLE AND
  OBJECTS
• DAILY NATURAL ROUTINE
• SALIENT ACTIVITIES

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COGNITIVE HIERARCHY

• REAL OBJECTS
• OBJECT AS SYMBOL
• GRADUAL MOVE FROM 3-D TO 2-D
• LARGE PRINT (BRAILLE EXPOSURE?)

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MENTAL MAPPING

• ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
• BODY AWARENESS, MOVEMENT
• CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
• SOCIAL AWARENESS

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PRIMARY GOALS

• INDEPENDENT COMMUNICATION
• INDEPENDENT MOBILITY
• USE OF INTERPRETERS, AIDES, ASSISTIVE DEVICES

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ENVIRONMENTAL SUPPORT

• CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT TO INCREASE MOVEMENT
  AND EXPLORATION AT AN EARLIER AGE WILL ENHANCE
  ALL ASPECTS OF A CHILDS DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING
  EMERGENT LITERACY.
• J.M. STRATTON (1996) JVIB

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TEACHERS ROLE

• CREATE A SAFE, PREDICTABLE ENVIROMENT WITH
  MEANINGFUL SPACES
• ENCOURAGE HAND ACTIVITY FOR EXPLORATION AND
  COMMUNICATION
• ALLOW STUDENTS TO ACT, NOT BE ACTED UPON
• OBSERVE EACH CHILD OBJECTIVELY

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OBSERVATION

• AIR FORCE COLONEL JOHN BOYDS TERM OODA LOOP
  STATES THAT SUCCESS IS A MATTER OF OBSERVING,
  ORIENTING, DECIDING, AND ACTING FASTER THAN THE
  OPPONENT.
• BOYER, P. (2003) THE NEW WAR MACHINE. NEW
  YORKER, JUNE 30, P. 55-71.

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DECISION MAKING

• 1. EMOTIONAL REACTION
• 2. JUDGMENT AND EMOTION
• 3. JUDGEMENT TEMPERS EMOTION
• 4. OBJECTIVE CONSIDERATION OF OPTIONS
• 5. DECISION

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PROCESS

• MAKE THE PROCESS CLEAR
• TASK ANALYSIS
• WHAT ARE THE SMALL, INCREMENTAL STEPS THAT ARE
  REQUIRED TO COMPLETE A TASK?
• BREAKDOWN OF THE PRELIMINARY STEPS FOR EACH TASK,
  FOR EACH CHILD
• FAMILY INVOLVEMENT FOR CARRY-OVER

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PRODUCT

• REQUEST OR RESPONSE BASED ON CLEAR KNOWLEDGE OF
  THE PROCESS

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ASL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

• CHILDS HAND UNDER ADULTS HAND
• CHILDS HAND OVER ADULTS HAND
• FINGERSPELLING
• INDEPENDENT INITIATION OF SIGNED COMMUNICATION
• ATTENTION GETTING
• EXPRESSIVE
• RECEPTIVE

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ORAL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

• TADOMA
• SPEECH -- VIBROTACTILE SUPPORT
• AUDITORY AMPLIFICATION
• COCHLEAR IMPLANT

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STEPS TOWARD MOBILITY

• VARY THE CARRY
• BODY TO BODY CONTACT
• BACK STRENGTHENING
• ROLLING OVER
• CRAWLING, CREEPING, SCOOTING
• SITTING WITH SUPPORTBALANCE
• REACHING

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INDEPENDENT MOBILITY

• STANDING
• WALKING WITH ADULT SUPPORT
• WALKING WITH OTHER SUPPORT
• CRUISING
• WALKER, CANE
• SIGHTED GUIDE

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TERMS

• CO-ACTIVE MOVEMENT
• ANTICIPATORY SET
• PURPOSEFUL MOVEMENT

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