TAKS Practice

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TAKS Practice

• Social Studies
• Wednesday, April 18th

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1607

• Founding of Jamestown

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1803

• Louisiana Purchase

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1776

• Signing of the Declaration of Independence on
  July 4th.

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1787

• The Constitutional Convention meets in
  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and drafts the U.S.
  Constitution.
• The constitution creates the basic structure of
  the federal government.

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1861

• Southern states establish the Confederate States
  of America. (1861)
• Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as President of
  the United States. (1861)
• Confederate forces bombard Ft. Sumter, in South
  Carolina, marking the beginning of the Civil War.
  (1861)

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1863

• President Lincoln issues the Emancipation
  Proclamation, which frees slaves in areas
  controlled by the confederacy.
• The Union army wins the Battle at Gettysburg in
  Pennsylvania.

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1865

• Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to
  union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
  Court House, Virginia
• President Lincoln is assassinated in Washington
  D.C.

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George Washington

• Served as commander in chief of the Continental
  army during the American Revolution.
• Defeated the British general Cornwallis in the
  Battle of Yorktown.
• Encouraged the United States to stay neutral
  during the French Revolution.
• Served as the first president of the United
  States.

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Thomas Jefferson

• Wrote the first draft of the Declaration of
  Independence in 1776.
• Served as minister to France from 1785 to 1789.
• Served as the third president of the United
  States.
• Sent negotiators to arrange the Louisiana
  Purchase in 1803.

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Articles of Confederation

• Approved by Congress in 1777.
• First national constitution of the U.S.
• Weaknesses
• The inability of Congress to amend the Articles
  without approval of all 13 states.
• The lack of an executive branch.
• The inability of Congress to regulate trade
  between the states.
• The inability of Congress to impose taxes.

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Declaration of Independence

• Unalienable Rights a persons entitlement to
  life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

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Grievances

• Imposing taxes on colonists without their
  approval.
• Forcing colonists to house British soldiers
  during peacetime.
• Denying colonists the right to a trial by jury in
  many cases.
• Preventing colonists from trading with nations
  other than Great Britain.
• Denying colonists legislative representation in
  Parliament.

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U.S. Constitution

• Replaced the Articles of Confederation.
• Provides for
• Popular sovereignty, a principle that ensures
  that the people hold the final authority in all
  matters.
• Republicanism, a form of government in which the
  people elect representatives to create and
  enforce laws.

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Constitutional Principles

• Limited government grants a variety of powers to
  the national and state governments, but it also
  limits those powers.
• Federalism the division of power between the
  national and state governments.

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Separation of Powers

• Describes the division of the national government
  into the legislative, executive, and judicial
  branches.
• Legislative Congress is in charge of making
  laws.
• Executive the president and the agencies under
  his control enforces those laws.
• Judicial the system of federal courts, including
  the U.S. Supreme Court interpret laws.

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Checks and Balances

• Provides ways for each branch of the national
  government to check, or restrict, the actions of
  the other two branches.

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Individual Rights

• Individual Rights The Constitution contains many
  crucial guarantees for the protection of
  individual rights, or civil liberties.
• Some states refused to accept the document ( Bill
  of Rights) at first because they thought that it
  did not address the issue of individual rights
  strongly enough.

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Bill of Rights

• 1. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly,
  and the right to petition the government.
• 2. The right to bear arms.
• 3. The guarantee that civilians will not be
  forced to house soldiers.
• 4. Protection against unreasonable searches by
  law enforcement officers.
• 5. The right of a person under arrest to know why
  he or she has been arrested and to refuse to
  testify against himself or herself in a court of
  law.

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Bill of Rights continued

• 6. The right to a speedy and public trial by a
  jury of ones peers in criminal cases.
• 7. The right to a trial by jury in civil cases
  involving substantial amounts of money.
• 8. Protection against excessive bail and cruel
  and unusual punishment.
• 9. The guarantee that rights not specifically
  listed in the Constitution are not automatically
  denied to the people.
• 10. The guarantee that the people and the states
  are to keep powers not specifically granted to
  the federal government.

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Nullification Crisis

• The biggest crisis of Jackson's Presidency,
  started by South Carolina opposition to the
  tariffs leveled in 1828 and 1832 by Jackson
  supporters.
• "Nullifiers" thought that a state could nullify a
  federal law within its own borders if it so
  desired. When South Carolina, led by John C.
  Calhoun, announced its intention to nullify the
  tariffs in the fall of 1832, it touched off what
  almost developed into a civil war, as Jackson
  massed military resources on the state's borders.
  
• Finally resolved in the spring of 1833 when South
  Carolina agreed to a new fairer tariff passed by
  Congress.

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Civil War

• Controversy over the division of power between
  the federal and state governments.
• Prevent slavery from spreading.
• 11 southern states seceded from the Union
  declared themselves a new country Confederate
  states.

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Aftermath of the Civil War

• The federal government would assert its power
  over the state governments.
• It also ensured that no state could secede from
  the Union in the future.
• The states had to agree to the reconstruction
  amendments.
• End of slavery.

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Reconstruction Amendments

• 13th Amendment

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any
place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
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Reconstruction Amendment

• 14th Amendment
• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
  United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
  thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
  the state wherein they reside. No state shall
  make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
  privileges or immunities of citizens of the
  United States nor shall any state deprive any
  person of life, liberty, or property, without due
  process of law nor deny to any person within its
  jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
• Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned
  among the several states according to their
  respective numbers, counting the whole number of
  persons in each state, excluding Indians not
  taxed. But when the right to vote at any election
  for the choice of electors for President and Vice
  President of the United States, Representatives
  in Congress, the executive and judicial officers
  of a state, or the members of the legislature
  thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants
  of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and
  citizens of the United States, or in any way
  abridged, except for participation in rebellion,
  or other crime, the basis of representation
  therein shall be reduced in the proportion which
  the number of such male citizens shall bear to
  the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
  years of age in such state.

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Reconstruction Amendment

• 15th Amendment

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.