Basic Copy Cataloging Books

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Basic Copy Cataloging (Books)

• Prepared by
• Lynnette Fields, Lori Murphy,
• Kathy Nystrom, Shelley Stone
• as an LSTA grant
• Funding for this grant was awarded by the
  Illinois State Library (ISL), a Division of the
  Office of the Secretary of State, using funds
  provided by the Institute of Museum and Library
  Service (IMLS), under the Federal Library
  Services and Technology Act (LSTA).

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Session 9 Subject Analysis

• Fundamental concepts and rules of subject
  analysis
• Keywords vs. controlled vocabularies
• How do librarians add controlled vocabulary to
  bibliographic records?
• Characteristics of LCSH
• Building subject headings
• Subject heading tools

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Haykins Fundamental Concepts

• Your patron is the focus
• Unity (1 primary heading or 1 call number for all
  material on that subject)
• Usage (heading is common usage for reader)
• English vs. foreign termsprefer English
• Specificitybe as specific as possible

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Sayers Classification Rules

• Place book where it will be most useful (i.e.,
  analyze your user)
• Class by subject, then form
• Consider predominant tendency/ purpose of book
  (i.e., the subject concerned, rather than the
  audience aimed at. Example chemistry for
  pre-med)

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Sayers, contd

• Be as specific as possible (close
  classification)
• If no number or subject exists as yet, put where
  closest
• If 2-3 subjects, classify under dominant cover
  others with subject headings if more than 3,
  classify under general heading covering all
• Class 1 subject applied to another with the
  subject to which application is made, e.g., Math
  for accounting

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Sayers, contd

• Classify pro con books togetherbe honest
  towards the authors intent
• Avoid classification that implies
  criticismdescribe, dont judge
• Always have reasons for decisions
• Document your decisions
• CHECK SUBJECT/CALL NUMBER IN USE IN YOUR CATALOG.
  CONSISTENT CATALOGING MAKES FOR A COHERENT
• CATALOG

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Keywords vs. Controlled Vocabularies

• Keyword retrieves term located almost anywhere
  in bibliographic record, e.g., title, note,
  subjects, authors, other titles, series
  post-coordination
• Controlled vocabulary retrieves in a subject
  search the defined, related, chosen terms added
  to bibliographic record as subject headings
  pre-coordination

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Keyword

• Keyword relies on post-coordinated combinations
  of individual termsif user cant think of
  synonyms, a lot will be missed
• Keyword doesnt allow for different meanings for
  same termslooks for word, not context
• Keyword retrieves jumble of info, some relevant
  some completely not ?
• BUT
• Keyword can retrieve new, distinctive terms not
  included in controlled vocabularies yet
• Keyword results can be narrowed with proximity or
  other qualifiers

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Search by Keyword stress

• With no further qualification, you could retrieve
  items on
• psychology
• engineering
• linguistics
• botany
• etc.

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Controlled Vocabulary

• Authorized terms distinguish different meanings
  of identical words
• Pre-coordinated subject strings add hierarchy
  relevance to search
• Browse displays of pre-coordinated subject
  strings allow for organized hit lists to click on
  for specific title information

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Controlled Vocabulary, contd

• Browse displays are the only mechanism providing
  vocabulary control of free-floating elements of
  subject headings
• Patrons dont need to know or type in complete
  stringonly first element
• Meaning of pre-coordinated phrases and Menu
  visible in browse searches are equally important

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Keyword Yugoslavia and History

• Overwhelming, jumbled results
• Too many responses with right words in
  inappropriate contexts

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10,000 !!!
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Subject Browse on Yugoslavia

• Yugoslavia
• YugoslaviaAntiquities
• YugoslaviaBibliography
• YugoslaviaCivilization
• YugoslaviaEconomic conditions
• YugoslaviaHistorical geography
• Yugoslavia--History
• YugoslaviaPolitics and government
• YugoslaviaSocial life and customs

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Only 25 lines ?
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• So what do catalogers do to add controlled
  vocabulary to bibliographic records?

We try to figure out what the book is about
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• To begin with, we
• Examine all works book, non-book, fiction,
  non-fiction for subject content
• title
• abstract
• introduction
• preface
• table of contents
• index
• bibliography
• jacket or cover or label or box blurbs
• accompanying materials, inserts, boxes
• Identify main subjects
• Identify authors point of view

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• Then, we use the primary source of controlled
  vocabulary, Library of Congress Subject Headings,
  aka LCSH or the red books, either in print or
  online in OCLCs Connexion or in LCs Catalogers
  Desktop.
• LCSH has subject terms, additions to terms, and
  helpful notes about how and when to use them. It
  also sometimes includes suggested LC
  classification numbers.

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Some Important LCSHCharacteristics

• There are several types of headings
• Single words Poor
• Qualified words Iris (Eye)
• Phrases Career plateaus
• Inverted phrases Medicine, Arab
• Series of nouns Law reports,
• digests, etc.
• Some uniform titles Bible

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A Few More

• Fewalmost none!personal or corporate names.
  George Bush Federal Bureau of Investigation
  arent included
• Recent trend toward natural word order (rather
  than inverted) and fewer hyphenated terms
• Pattern headings, e.g.,
• Corn (for plants and crops)
• Shakespeare (for personal authors)
• Subdivisions are preceded by -- in LCSH
• are separately subfielded in MARC authority
  records

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Looking at an LCSH page, note

• Indentions, preceded by hyphens
• Boldface entries
• Scope notes
• Cross reference structure
• LCC numbers
• Capitalization
• Punctuation
• Alphabetization in structured display

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• Chicachas Indians
• USE Chickasaw Indians
• Chicago, Judy, 1939- Dinner party
• UF Dinner party (Art)
• BT Art, American
• Chicago (Ill.)
• -- Description
• -- -- To 1875
• -- -- 1875-1950
• -- -- 1951-1980
• -- -- 1981-
• -- Haymarket Square Riot, 1886
• USE Haymarket Square Riot, Chicago, Ill., 1886
• -- History
• F548
• -- -- To 1875
• -- -- Civil War, 1861-1865 F548.4
• -- -- 1875-
• -- Massacre, 1812

Bold vs. unbolded Indentions Hyphens USE, UF, BT
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Some LCSH terms you should know

• Subject headings/terms
• Subject subdivisions
• Pattern headings
• Subject heading strings
• May subdivide geog. direction
• Scope notes
• Cross references the BT, RT, etc., well talk
  about later today

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• Terms Defined
• Subject headings/terms Initial subject elements
  in string
• Subject subdivisions Various elements that are
  added to initial subject terms
• Pattern headings examples of subdivisions that
  can be used with similar subjects
• Subject heading strings subject term any
  subdivision(s) connected within single field

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• May subdivide geog. direction permission to
  add geographic subdivision after subject or
  subdivision term
• Scope notes explanation of how term or
  subdivision should be used
• Cross references BT broader term RT related
  term NT narrower term sa see also USE
  use term directed to UF used for

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Alphabetization Capitalization Rules

• Topic
• TopicSubdivisions
• Topic, Inverted extension
• Topic (Qualifying term)
• Topic with other words in phrase

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Structured Display in Action

• ReadingAbility testing
• ReadingAbstractsPeriodicals
• ReadingCongresses
• ReadingResearch
• Reading, Psychology of
• Reading (Adult education)
• Reading (England)
• Reading comprehension

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BREAK??
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Kinds of Subdivisions

• Topical --Growth MARC x
• Form --Fiction MARC v
• Chronological --To 1950 MARC y
• Geographic --France MARC z
• CLUE You can sometimes find a scope note about
  the use of a term as a subdivision under entry
  for its use as a subject heading, whether
  boldface or not

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Authorized Subdivisions

• Established specifically for use under particular
  heading
• 650 _0 Cinematography x Special effects.
• 651 _0 France x History y 1945-1958.
• Free-floating may be used under certain types of
  headings without being established specifically
• 650 _0 Biochemistry v Congresses.
• 651 _0 New York (N.Y.) x Buildings,
  structures, etc.
• 650 _0 Short stories, American x History and
  criticism
• Pattern headings may be applied as appropriate

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• Pattern headings give you a bunch of possible
  subdivisions for a particular kind of subject
  heading, e.g., subdivisions appropriate or
  possible after names of plants. These
  subdivisions arent repeated after every plant
  name in LCSHthe pattern serves as the primary
  listing of possible subdivisions for any plant.

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Some Pattern Headings in LCSH

• Pattern headings Examples
• Animals (general) Fishes
• Animals (domestic) Cattle
• Diseases Cancer TB
• Organ, body regions Heart Foot
• Plants crops Corn
• Indiv. lit. authors Shakespeare
• City Chicago, Ill.
• State Ohio
• Country U.S.

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Compare Carrots in Connexion authority search
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to Corn
And were only at the Cs!!!
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• All the subdivisions listed under Corn can be
  usedwhen appropriateafter carrots, potatoes,
  wheat, etc.
• Ditto for authors (Shakespeares the pattern),
  cities (follow Chicago)
• OCLCs Connexion includes list of pattern
  headings at http//www.oclc.org/support/documentat
  ion/connexion/browser/authorities/find_auth_record
  s/find_auth_records_pdf.pdf

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Building Subject Heading Strings

• Find appropriate subject heading
• Look for established subdivisions
• Add appropriate free-floating subdivisions
• Check pattern headings for more possibilities
• Watch for permission by multiples, e.g.,
• English language -- Dictionaries -- French,
  Italian, etc.

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Preferred Order of Terms in Subject Heading
Strings

• General subject headingTopical
  subdivisionGeographic subdivisionChronological
  subdivisionForm subdivision
• 650 _0 a x z y v
• 650 _0 a Spanish language x Dialects z Spain
  x History y 19th century v Dictionaries.
• Place follows last element that allows
  geographical subdivision, when theres a choice
• Not TopicPlaceTopic
• But TopicTopicPlace

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• Geographic subdivision is always indirect
  except Jerusalem Washington, D.C. using
  latest name of place
• 650 _0 Birds z United States.
• 650 _0 Birds z Missouri.
• 650 _0 Birds z Missouri z Saint Louis.
• 650 _0 Birds z Washington (D.C.)
• NOT 650 _0 Birds z Saint Louis.
• NOT 650 _0 Birds z United States z Missouri.

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Miscellaneous Facts

• If about history or government, whose history or
  government is most important starting point
• 651 _0 Connecticut x Politics and government.
• Reciprocal headings are sometimes required, e.g.,
  2-way language dictionary 2-way foreign
  relations text
• 651 _0 China x Foreign relations z Brazil.
• 651 _0 Brazil x Foreign relations z China.

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Looking at an LCSH Authority Record in MARC, note

• 1XX field authorized form
• 4XX field(s) unauthorized, see from form
• 5XX field(s) authorized, see also from form
• 053 field(s) LC call numbers
• fixed field info about usage, subdividing
  geographically, source, rules, etc.

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Note L.C. call numbers
Unused term
Broader term
Broader term
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MARC Bibliographic Fields for Subject Headings

• 600 Personal name subject heading
• 610 Corporate name subject heading
• 611 Conference name subject heading
• 650 Topical subject heading
• 651 Geographical subject heading
• 690 Local subject heading
• 650 _4 Local subject heading, patterned after
  LCSH construction
• All represented in ARs as 1XX fields, e.g., 100,
  150, 151

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Subject Heading Tools

• LCSH
• Free-Floating Subdivisions an Alphabetical Index
• LC Period Subdivisions under Names of Places
• Subject Cataloging Manual Subject Headings
• OCLCs Connexion database authority file really
  LCs authority file, loaded in OCLC
• OCLCs Connexion database heading verification
  (control heading)
• LCSH pattern heading list in Connexion
• LC authority file
• Local systems heading verification
• Library of Congress Subject Headings Principles
  and Application / Lois Mai Chan.

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Lets Add Subject Headings to Our Fake Books
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MARC Subject Coding for Our Fake Books

• 650 _0 Cataloging.
• 650 _0 Classification.

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LUNCH