Stairways and Ladders 29 CFR 1926'1050 1053

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Stairways and Ladders29 CFR 1926.1050 - 1053
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Objectives of this Section

• At the end of this training, you should be able
  to list or describe
• Safety guidelines and requirements for
  stairways used at a construction site
• Safe practices and requirements for ladders
  used at a construction site

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Pretest!
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OSHA Regulations Applicable to this Section 29
CFR Part 1926 Subpart X - Stairways and Ladders

• 1926.1050 Scope, applications, and definitions,
  applicable to this subpart
• 1926.1051 General requirements
• 1926.1052 Stairways
• 1926.1053 Ladders

• 1926.1060 Training
• 1926 Subpart X - App A Ladders

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Most Frequently Cited Serious Violations of
Subpart X

• What are the most frequently cited serious
  stairway and ladder violations?
• No handrail or stair rail system on four or more
  steps 1926.1052(c)(1).
• Ladder not secured 1926.1053(b)(1).
• No ramp or runway where there is a break in
  elevation of 19 inches (48 cm) or more
  1926.1051(a).
• No ladder training for users 1926.1060(a).
• Improper removal of defective ladders from
  service 1926.1053(b)(16).

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What trades use ladders on a residential site?
Ladders are used on these sites for what
activities?
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1926.1051(a) Do I need a stairway or ladder?

• 1926.1051(a) Provide a stairway or ladder at all
  personnel points of access where there is a break
  in elevation of 19 inches
• (48 cm) or more, and no ramp, runway, sloped
  embankment, or personnel hoist is provided.

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What are the Hazards of Using a Ladder?
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Hazards of Using a Ladder

• Falls
• Contact with electricity
• Can you think of more?

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So What?Fatalities for Various Job Types 2001
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So What?Causes of Roofer Deaths

• Roofers have the fifth-highest work-related
  death rate in construction, 29.9 deaths per
  100,000 full-time equivalent workers, about twice
  the average for all construction of 15.2. About
  50 roofers are killed on the job each year, most
  by falls (chart 1). The information in government
  reports suggests that inadequate fall protection
  is responsible for most of the fatal falls.(Data
  from the Center to Protect Workers Rights)

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So What?

• Residential roofers had almost twice the
  percentage of fatal falls from ladders compared
  to all roofers, probably because ladders are used
  more often in residential work. (Data from the
  Center to Protect Workers Rights)

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Subpart X Ladders 1926.1051 and 1053
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1926.1050(a)Scope and Application

• This subpart applies to all stairways and ladders
  used in construction, alteration, repair
  (including painting and decorating), and
  demolition workplaces covered under 29 CFR part
  1926, and also sets forth, in specified
  circumstances, when ladders and stairways are
  required to be provided. Additional requirements
  for ladders used on or with scaffolds are
  contained in Subpart L - Scaffolds.

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Types of Ladders
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What types of Ladders do we use on construction
sites?
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Types of Ladders
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Do you make job-made ladders?
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Job-Made Ladder

• There are so many requirements for making
  ladders!
• You dont really need to do this today there are
  so many choices!
• So-dont make them!

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What type of Ladders can we use?
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1926.1050(b) Definitions Cleat, Double Cleat
Ladder

• "Cleat" means a ladder crosspiece of rectangular
  cross section placed on edge upon which a person
  may step while ascending or descending a ladder.
• "Double-cleat ladder" means a ladder similar in
  construction to a single-cleat ladder, but with a
  center rail to allow simultaneous two-way traffic
  for employees ascending or descending.

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1926.1051(a)(2) When to use a Double-Cleated
Ladder
Use a double-cleated ladder ( with center rail)
or 2 or more ladders

• when ladders are the only way to enter or exit a
  working area with 25 or more employees
• when a ladder will serve simultaneous two-way
  traffic

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1926.1050(b) Definitions Extension Trestle Ladder
"Extension trestle ladder" means a
self-supporting portable ladder, adjustable in
length consisting of a trestle ladder base and a
vertically adjustable extension section, with a
suitable means for locking the ladders together.
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1926.1050(b) Definitions Extension Trestle Ladder

• Scaffold platforms must be placed no higher than
  the second-highest rung or step of the ladder
  supporting the platform. 1926.452(n)(1)
• All ladders used in step, platform and trestle
  ladder scaffolds must

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1926.1050(b) Definitions Extension Trestle Ladder
Be prevented from slipping by how they
are Placed, Fastened, or Equipped.
1926.452(n)(3) Scaffolds must not be bridged
one to another. 1926.452(n)(4)
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1926.1050(b) Definitions Job Made Ladders

• "Job-made ladder" means a ladder that is
  fabricated by employees, typically at the
  construction site, and is not commercially
  manufactured. This definition does not apply to
  any individual-rung/step ladders.
• A job made ladder is not an OSHA approved ladder!

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1926.1050(b) Definitions Portable Ladders

• "Portable ladder" means a ladder that can be
  readily moved or carried.
• Inspect before use for cracks, dents, and missing
  rungs
• Design or treat rungs to minimize slipping
• Side rails -- at least 11 1/2 inches apart
• Must support 4 times the maximum load.

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Ladders have duty ratings
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How do we choose the right ladder for the job
that will support our weight and load?

• What weight must it carry?
• What must I consider to calculate the correct
  weight?

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Ladder Duty Ratings Used for What and by Whom?

• Type IAA 375 lbs Special Duty Typical Uses
• Utilities
• Heavy Duty MRO (Maintenance, repair, operations)
• Heavy Duty Industrial Construction
• Type IA 300 lbs Extra Heavy Duty Typical Uses
• Industrial Construction
• Building
• Roofing
• General Contracting

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Ladder Duty Ratings

• Type I 250 lbs Heavy Duty Typical Uses
• General Contracting
• Building
• Maintenance
• Dry walling

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General Ladder Rules for Safe Use

• Inspect them and the area to set up
• Watch electrical lines
• Secure them properly
• Dont stand on the top step
• Proper angle
• 3 feet above
• No painting
• Handling of defective ladders.

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Inspection

• Inspect Ladders
• Ladders must be kept in safe condition.
• Inspect setup area. Keep the areas around the top
  and bottom of the ladder clear.
• Ensure rungs, cleats, and steps are level and
  evenly spaced.
• Ensure rungs are space 10 to 14 inches apart.
• Keep ladders free from slipping hazards.

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Watch Electrical Lines

• If using ladders where the employee or the ladder
  could contact exposed energized electrical
  equipment, they must have nonconductive side
  rails such as wood or fiberglass.
• Keep all kinds of ladders at least 10 feet away
  from live power lines. Any type of ladder may
  conduct electricity if it is wet and/or dirty
  (yes, even fiberglass or wooden ladders).

This is an unsafe condition
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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Securing them properly

• Set ladders on firm, level ground. Do not leave
  an unsecured ladder unattended.
• Secure the ladder tie the ladder or use a
  ladder with slip-resistant feet, or have someone
  hold the ladder in place for you.
• Do not use ladders on slippery surfaces unless
  secured or provided with slip-resistant feet

This ladder is not on a stable surface
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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Dont stand on the top
step

• Never work from the top of a step ladder.
• Never work from the top three steps of an
  extension ladder or a straight ladder.

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Use the proper angle

• Non-self-supporting ladders (which lean against
  a wall or other support)
• Position at an angle where the horizontal
  distance from the top support to the foot of the
  ladder is 1/4 the working length of the ladder

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use 3 feet above

• When using a portable ladder for access to an
  upper landing surface, the side rails must extend
  at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use No painting

• Dont paint ladders
• Dont use an opaque covering (like varnish) on a
  ladder.

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Dont Use Cross Bracing
On this ladder the back rungs are designed for
use

• Dont use cross bracing on the rear of a
  stepladder for climbing - unless the ladder is
  designed for that

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Handling of Defective
Ladders

• A competent person must inspect ladders for
  visible defects, like broken or missing rungs.
• If a defective ladder is found, immediately mark
  it defective or tag it "Do Not Use
• Withdraw defective ladders from service until
  repaired

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Ladder Rules for Safe Use Climbing the Ladder

• Face the ladder when going up or down
• Use at least one hand to grab the ladder when
  going up or down
• Do not carry any object or load that could cause
  you to lose balance

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Ladder Rules for Safe UseTraining

• A competent person must train each employee in
  the following areas, as applicable
• The nature of fall hazards in the work area
• The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining,
  and disassembling the fall protection systems to
  be used
• The proper construction, use, placement, and care
  in handling of all stairways and ladders
• The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of
  ladders

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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Hazard Recognition Practice
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Stairways
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Stairways Handrail vs. Stair Rail
Stairrail Handrail System
Fall Protection
Support
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Stairways Handrail and Top Rail Strength
1926.1052(c)(5) Handrails and the top rails of
stairrail systems must be capable of
withstanding, without failure, a force of at
least 200 pounds applied within 2 inches (5 cm)
of the top edge, in any downward or outward
direction, at any point along the top edge.
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Stairways Handrails
Stairways with four or more risers, or higher
than 30 inches, must be equipped with at least
one handrail.
The stairway to this platform has more than 4
risers and is not guarded. The platform
requires guarding.
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Stairways Stair Rails
Stairways with four or more risers or more than
30 inches high must have a stairrail along each
unprotected side or edge.
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Stairways Stairs
Install between 30 and 50 degrees. Must have
uniform riser height and tread depth, with less
than a 1/4-inch variation.
Uniform - 30 50 deg. angle
No more than 1/4 inch variation in any stairway
system
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Stairway Landings
Stairways landings must be at least 30 inches
deep and 22 inches wide at every 12 feet or less
of vertical rise Unprotected sides of landings
must have standard 42 inch guardrail systems
Landing
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Stairways Dangerous Conditions
Bad housekeeping causes dangerous conditions. Fix
slippery conditions before using. Stairway
parts must be free of projections which may cause
injuries or snag clothing.
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Job Site Trailer Stairway Platforms and Swing
Doors
Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway,
provide a platform that extends at least 20
inches beyond the swing of the door.
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Summary Key Components for Stairway Safety

• Treads
• Rails
• handrails
• stairrails
• guardrails
• Landings and Platforms

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Summary Key Components for Stairway Safety

• A competent person must inspect
• Use the correct ladder for the job
• Use the correct angle, supports, treads, cross
  braces and rails
• Dont overload
• Your employer must train you in proper use of a
  ladder

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The End!

• Every reasonable effort has been made to prepare
  this document using the most current, correct,
  and clearly expressed information possible.
  However, inadvertent errors may occur. The Ohio
  OSHA On-Site Consultation Program disclaims any
  responsibility for typographical errors and the
  accuracy of the information contained in this
  document. The information and data included in
  this document have been compiled by the Ohio OSHA
  On-Site Consultation staff from a variety of
  sources that are subject to change without
  notice. The Ohio OSHA On-Site Consultation
  Program makes no warranties or representations
  whatsoever regarding the quality, content,
  completeness, suitability, adequacy, sequence,
  accuracy, or timeliness of such information and
  data.

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References

• This slide presentation was created using one
  from OSHAs website of the same title, at
• Bureau of Labor Statistics
• Falls - The Number One Cause of Construction
  Deaths(Taken from Construction Safety Magazine,
  Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Vol.
  10, No. 3, Autumn 1999)

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References

• OSHA Publication 3124, Stairways and Ladders