SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

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SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
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The setting

• Planning is for development.
• Development is for with people
• Hence social development, yet the adjective was
  not immediately added.

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The Development Debate

• A debate about the principal agent of development
  
• is it the state or the market?
• The answer, in the last century, divided left
  from right, Rapley points out.

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The Early Situation - 1

• After WWII (1945) and the Depression years,
• Keynesian economics and trust in the state were
  the dominant forces.
• Not human laziness nor God made people poor but
  economic structures.

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The Instruments

• The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund
  and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
  (GATT) were the instruments created at Bretton
  Woods in New Hampshire, USA, to create the
  stability needed to prevent another Great
  Depression

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The Early Situation - 2

• The European state, then, took the role of
  guiding both economy and welfare, but in separate
  channels, with development applied only to the
  economic side.
• Planning in the West was physical, urban, or
  welfare planning. In the Soviet Union it was
  comprehensive.

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Development

• Development was narrowly restricted to economic
  growth in this phase. And growth was conceived of
  largely as industrialising. This was what had
  worked in Europe and Japan. Thus, it was thought,
  this must be the pattern for the Third World.

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In the developing world

• Applied to the developing countries of the
  South or Third World, newly independent, this
  method brought some benefits.
• It took the form of Import Substitution
  Industrialization (ISI), industrialisation by
  invitation.

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ISI A Failure

• For the most part it did not succeed. The several
  reasons included the small size of the market,
  lack of human skills, of sectoral integration,
  capital accumulation.
• This was all, of course, on the economic front,
  with little if any attention to the social
  dimension.

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How explain?

• Various theories of development and
  underdevelopment

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Modernization Theory

• This promoted modernity,
• the West to be model guide in this,
• with its capital accumulation, its
  entrepreneurial values,
• and emphasis on the market.

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Dependency theory

• Development in the First World required
  underdevelopment in the Third World, by siphoning
  off surplus and keeping the latter as a supplier
  of raw materials and as market/consumer of its
  products, through alliances with dependent Third
  World bourgeoisie.
• A centre-periphery division.
• Paul Baran, Samir Amin, Andre Gunder Frank,
  George Beckford. Meanwhile.

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The social side

• This was being dealt with by the state, the
  Welfare State, in the form of services in
  education, health, housing, sanitation, etc.
• This was all, of course, in the North, among some
  of the developed countries such as Britain and
  the Scandinavian nations. Not in the USA,
  however, apart from Roosevelts programme in the
  30s.

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Welfare efforts in the South

• Even before during WWII colonial officials had
  begun taking over welfare from church bodies,
  e.g. literacy programmes in West Africa, support
  for Jamaica Welfare.
• The term community development originated from
  a Cambridge, England, conference.

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Welfare in the South (cont.)

• The South never got into social welfare in the
  sense of providing social services as in the
  North.
• A lack of resources was not the only reason. The
  extended family or village situation, which still
  functioned, was how the needs of the vulnerable
  were met.

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Community Development

• But welfare in the sense of community development
  was being practised in India, Jamaica and
  elsewhere.
• The United Nations was to define and seek to give
  global spread to community development, with its
  strong social component.

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The UN definition

• The UN definition, which dates from the 1950s,
  posits state input as an intrinsic component of
  community development, which is understandable
  for that day.

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The UN definition (cont.)

• But is it essential? Can a community not
  collaborate with an outside NGO or another CBO to
  develop itself? Perhaps it could be interpreted
  to mean that some state input for the provision
  of basic services is essential.

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Southern community development

• For this combination, at the Ashridge, England,
  Conference in 1954, the term social development
  emerged (Midgley, Social Development, 1995).
• This development which got under way in the 1950s
  and 60s combined some remedial social welfare
  with community developmental programmes.

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Mainstream vs UN

• Development in most quarters meant growth,
  economic growth.
• But, says Midgley, the UN Research Institute
  for Social Development was seeking by the
  mid-60s to end the compartmentalisation of
  social services economic development. By the
  end of 70s it recommended Social Planning.

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Social Planning

• The UN recommendation has gradually been accepted
  by Third World member states.
• Sweden has been outstanding among industrialised
  countries in integrating economic and social
  policy, specifically using social policy to
  foster economic development.

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Social Planning as planning social services

• Social planning equated, then, with social
  welfare in the welfare state - the provision of
  social services, family counselling, day care,
  rehabilitation of convicts, public education
  health. Social planning emerges and as
  planning social services.

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For example,

• In Sweden, there is human resource development
  through child care, care for pregnant mothers
  and extended parenting leave after childbirth
  and through education.
• Labour market policies maintain high employment.
  The same holds in Japan.

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Basic Needs approach

• The International Labour Office (ILO) came up
  with the Basic Needs approach, formally adopted
  in 1976.
• The World Bank under Robert McNamara focused on
  social issues and on poverty and inequality.
• Suffered from serious limitations, given the WB
  framework.

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Swing to the MARKET

• This came from the election of Margaret Thatcher
  in England in 1979 and of Ronald Reagan in the US
  in 1980. They were to be the leading proponents
  of
• neo-liberalism.
• The market was now to be the path to development.

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Sustainable Development

• UN studies in the mid-80s and 90s brought forward
  this concept, which combines the social, economic
  and environmental spheres.
• The emphasis was on the environment on
  integrating it with the economic. The social was
  also clearly included.

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Human Development

• In 1990 the UN came up this new term, another
  effort to integrate the social and the economic,
  in a new series of publications, Human
  Development Reports.
• In 1995 the UNs World Summit on Social
  Development was held.

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In the Caribbean - 1

• In 1993, leading economist C.Y. Thomas was saying
  that the regions economic policies assumed
  identity between growth rate and per capita
  product (in Lalta Freckletons Carib. Econ.
  Development, 1993).
• Thomas was urging, of course, that development
  is about people.

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In the Caribbean - 2

• CY Thomas was recently heard saying at a
  conference on UWI campus that social development
  is now an accepted part of developmental
  planning, e.g. at the PIOJ public participation
  is sought. A major change.
• The old thinking still lingers on, however, in
  powerful circles.

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Social development 1

• SD has been defined as a process of planned
  social change designed to promote the well-being
  of the population as a whole in conjunction with
  a dynamic process of economic development.
• Phrasing (Midgleys, I think) is a bit awkward,
  but the components are clear enough

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Social Development - 2

• Social economic linkage - especially
• Process emphasized, and
• Progress, faith in human betterment
• Interventionism, not left to nature, market
• Inclusive, universalistic, with concern for the
  marginalised, the poor, with social welfare
  broadly defined. (Midgley)

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The current challenge

• The market is demonstrating its power in
  globalizing the nations of the world, an
  effective socialization.
• On the other hand the need for some regulation in
  environmental and financial dimensions is
  apparent.
• A new paradigm is needed for effecting
  development.