London Low Emission Zone Study David Hutchinson

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LondonLow Emission Zone StudyDavid Hutchinson
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The Mayors StrategiesThe Greater London
Authority Act requires the Mayor to prepare
strategies for

• Transport
• Economic development
• Biodiversity
• Air quality
• Culture

• Spatial development
• Municipal waste management
• Ambient noise
• Energy

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Cleaning Londons Air The Mayors Air Quality
Strategy
MAYOR OF LONDON
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• A hierarchy of strategies
• EU Directives
• National Air Quality Strategy
• The Mayors Air Quality Strategy for London
• Local Air Quality Management

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• Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales
  and Northern Ireland
• fine particles nitrogen dioxide
• sulphur dioxide carbon monoxide
• lead benzene 1,3-butadiene ozone
  polyaromatic hydrocarbons

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Air quality in London in 2005 NO2
Above target
Below target
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Sources of pollution
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What more can London do?

• Introduce a Low Emission Zone?

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What is a Low Emission Zone?

• A Low Emission Zone is a zone
• from which vehicles which fail to meet a
  specified emission standard (such as Euro II) are
  excluded

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London Low Emission Zone Feasibility Study

• Undertaken by consultants for
• Greater London Authority
• Association of London Government
• Transport for London
• London Boroughs
• Department for Transport
• Department for Environment, Food Rural
  Affairs
• National Society for Clean Air
• Energy Saving Trust
• Report completed July 2003 and available at
• http//www.london-lez.org

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London LEZ options
Area Central London Inner London
Greater London Up to the M25 Heathrow
Outer London
Vehicles Lorries London Buses
Coaches Vans Licensed taxis Private
hire Cars
Start date 2005 2007
2010
Emission criteria Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3
Euro 4 RPC
Operation enforcement Manual Automatic
Recommended London Low Emission Zone options
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Area of the Zone Same as the Congestion Charging
Scheme Up to - but not including - the North
South Circular Heathrow The Greater London
boundary Up to - but not including - the M25 An
outer London area (stand-alone
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Sources of pollution from vehicles
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Which vehicles?
Lorries, buses and coaches have the highest
emissions per kilometre travelled
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Recommendations in relation to vehicles

• If a Low Emission Zone is established, it should
  start with a scheme that targets lorries, London
  buses and coaches, as these vehicles have
  disproportionately high emissions per vehicle.
  Targeting them produces the greatest emissions
  reduction at the lowest cost.
• The Low Emission Zone should later be extended in
  later year to include vans and taxis. However,
  taxis could also be included earlier through the
  licensing process.
• The study does not recommend that cars are
  included in the Low Emission Zone scheme.
  However, it does recommend that some action is
  taken, in addition to the LEZ, to remove very old
  cars and vans from the fleet (those built before
  1993).

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Emission criteria

• The study recommends that lorries and buses
  should meet a criterion of Euro 2 with particle
  traps in 2007, and the criterion should be
  tightened to Euro 3 with particle traps in 2010.
• A NOx reduction retrofit scheme should also be
  considered for 2010.
• The initial scheme could develop over time into a
  rolling scheme, combining Euro standard and
  age-based criteria.
• If vans are to be included in the Low Emission
  Zone scheme, the study recommends that they
  should meet an age-based criterion. This should
  be a rolling ten-year-old age limit. A similar
  age-based standard is also recommended for taxis,
  both for licensed taxis and private hire vehicles.

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Numbers of vehicles
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Costs and benefits UK millions
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Costs

• The cost to vehicle operators is likely to be
  significantly higher than the costs of setting up
  and operating a London Low Emission Zone.
• The exact costs would depend on operator
  behaviour in response to the zone.
• Existing Government grants could offset some of
  these costs, but the numbers of vehicles affected
  by a Low Emission Zone in London would far exceed
  the existing grant levels.

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• Baseline NO2

With Recommended LEZ
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• Baseline PM10

With Recommended LEZ
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Reductions in emissions and exceedence area

• London should meet the target forPM10 in 2007 but
  the target for 2010 is more stringent

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Conclusions

• Even the most severe Low Emission Zone would not,
  on its own, result in London meeting all the air
  quality targets.
• The progress towards the air quality targets also
  has to be seen against a natural background of
  improving air quality.
• The study has found that a feasible London Low
  Emission Zone would have modest benefits in
  improving overall emission levels and absolute
  air quality concentrations
• However, it would make a slightly larger
  contribution to reducing exceedences of the air
  quality targets.

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Next steps?
A joint decision on whether to implement the
zone between the Mayor and London Boroughs
together with the Government
Public consultation over the preferred scheme
design, and agreement over any proposed
modifications
Agreeing the approach with TfL London Buses and
the Public Carriage Office (responsible for bus
regulation and taxi licensing)
Agreeing the format of the TRO and any associated
Bill or Regulations to decriminalise offences (if
applicable)
Agreeing the definition of the national
certification system between DfT and its agencies
Agreeing the funding and division of
responsibilities
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Strategies can be found at http//www.london.gov.u
k
http//www.london-lez.org
Information on the Low Emission Zone study can
be found at http//www.london-lez.org