PS 241

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PS 241

• Huntington, ODonnell, Rotberg

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Exam question 1

• Is Ingleharts claim that his theory is a
  modified version of modernization theory
  justified? Why?
• Answer two parts

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(i) A version of modernization theory

• On the one hand, Ingleharts theory is a version
  of modernization theory. Similarly to
  modernization theory, his claim is that economic
  development leads to cultural changes

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(ii) A modified version of modernization

• On the other hand, Ingleharts theory is a
  modified version of modernization theory because,
  (i) unlike classical modernization theory,
  Inglehart claims that social change is not
  linear advanced industrial societies have
  reached an inflection point and begun moving on a
  new trajectory
• (ii) moreover, Inglehart does not see modern
  culture as the exclusive product of economic
  development

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Exam question 2

• Compare modernization and dependency theories
  (emergence/origins proponents view of
  development agents of change responsibility for
  development view of Western influence
  contributions limitations)

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Clash of Civilizations

• - A new phase in world politics
• The fundamental source of conflict neither
  ideology, nor economics
• Instead, the new source of conflict will be
  cultural
• The battle lines of the future the fault lines
  between civilizations

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• Four stages in the history of conflicts
• Monarchs
• Nations
• Ideologies
• Civilizations

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Exam question 3

• List and briefly discuss each of Huntingtons
  four stages in the history of conflicts

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Civilization a cultural entity

• A civilization is the highest cultural grouping
  of people and the broadest level of cultural
  identity people have short of that which
  distinguishes humans from other species. It is
  defined both by common objective elements, such
  as language, history, religion, customs,
  institutions, and by the subjective
  self-identification of people. (Huntington 1993,
  p. 24)

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Why civilizations will clash

• Differences between civilizations are real and
  basic
• I.e., they shape the worldview of their members
• (ii) The world becomes smaller
• More interaction ? more conflict
• (iii) Modernization social change ? alienation
  ? rise of fundamentalism (the unsecularization
  of the world)

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• (iv) The dual role of the West
• The West is at the peak of its power
• This fuels anti-Western reactions
• (v) Cultural characteristics less mutable than
  political and economic ones (what are you? vs.
  which side are you on?)
• (vi) Increased economic regionalism
• ? reinforces civilization-consciousness
• ? may succeed only when rooted in a common
  civilization

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Therefore

• People define their identity in ethnic
  religious terms
• See an us vs. them relation between them and
  other ethnicities/religions
• Clash of civilizations

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Exam question 4

• List and discuss the six reasons why, according
  to Huntington, civilizations will clash

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Potential critiques?

• Civilization a bit fuzzy, perhaps?
• Falsifiability? (How can we prove Huntington
  wrong?)
• Too ready to label any conflict a cultural
  conflict?
• Selective evidence/interpretation?

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ODonnell,Horizontal accountability

• (typical view of) democracy free and fair
  elections
• Important, but insufficient
• Democracy (polyarchy) is about more than free
  and fair elections
• Robert Dahl
• Democracy is an ideal political regime
• No real-world regime is a true democracy
• Regimes approaching the ideal are polyarchies

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Ideal democracy vs. real-world democracy

• Democracy as an ideal
• Real democracy (polyarchy)
• Narrow view free and fair elections
• Broader view liberal democracy (participation
  and contestation)

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Accountability

• Free fair elections
• Vertical accountability
• (democratic component of polyarchy)

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Accountability

• Investigation oversight of public officials
• Horizontal accountability
• (Liberal and republican components of polyarchy)

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Democracy, liberalism, republicanism

• Democratic component government by the people
• Liberal component existence of rights which no
  power (especially the state) should violate
• Republican component public service as an
  ennobling activity

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Point of convergence rule of law

• Democracy focus on equality
• Liberalism commitment to freedom
• Republicanism obligations of rulers
• ? all these support the rule of law

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Horizontal accountability separation of powers

• Not merely a mechanical division of powers,
• But institutions that partially overlap in their
  authority

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Exam question 5

• How does ODonnells view of democracy differ
  from the mainstream view?
• What are the three components of polyarchy?
• What is the difference between horizontal
  accountability and vertical accountability, and
  what is the importance of each?

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Rotberg, State failure

• Strong state controls its borders and provides
  public goods
• Failed states do not deliver these functions
• Collapsed state the most extreme case of state
  failure

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State failure symptoms/consequences

• Weak institutions
• Decaying infrastructure
• Decrepit health and educational systems
• Corruption
• Declining GDP
• Increased income inequality
• Loss of state legitimacy

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State failure is important!

• Internal failure to deliver the most basic
  conditions necessary for economic, social and
  political development
• External failed states and a fertile ground for
  terrorist groups
• Therefore, although preventing state failure is
  difficult and costly, it is an imperative task
  not just for the states in question