Red Action Fast Service

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Color stimulates certain Feelings!
Red Action - Fast Service
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Color influences our Purchasing Decisions!
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Uniform Color Multi-Component Products
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APPEARANCE A Visual Sensation
CHROMATIC ATTRIBUTES Related to color-hue,
saturation, purity
GEOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES Surface properties
associated with the distribution of light from
the object, such as gloss or haze
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Opaque Non-Metal
INCIDENT LIGHT
SPECULARREFLECTION
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
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Metal
SPECULARREFLECTION
INCIDENT LIGHT
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
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Translucent Material
INCIDENT LIGHT
DIFFUSETRANSMISSION
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
SPECULARREFLECTION
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Transparent Material
INCIDENT LIGHT
DIFFUSETRANSMISSION
REGULARTRANSMISSION
SPECULARREFLECTION
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Isaac Newton discovered there was Color in White
light
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Spectral Power Distribution
UV
X-RAYS
GAMMARAYS
COSMICRAYS
INFRARED
MICRO-WAVES
TV
RADIO
ELECTRICPOWER
.00001nm
.001nm
10nm
1nm
.1 m
10 m
106m
100m
.01cm
VISIBLE SPECTRUM
INFRARED
ULTRAVIOLET
Relative Energy
Daylight
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Spectrophotometric Curve - Orange
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Color deficient population
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Real experiments with real people...
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Additive Color Mixing
Subtractive Color Mixing
Young-Helmholtz Theory
B R A I N
Red Cones
Green Cones
Blue Cones
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2o - Fovea (all cones) 10o - Macula (rods and
cones)
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Color has three dimensions.
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Munsell HVC Chart
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8 7 6 5 4 3 2
7.5 YR 7/16
Value
2 4 8 12 16
Chroma
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CIE X,Y,Z Tristimulus Values for Orange
X 41.73 Y 33.77 Z 2.34
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CIE 1931 and 1976 Chromaticity Diagrams
y
v?
x
u?
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Light Sources CIE Illuminants
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Common Illuminants
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Non-Uniformity of CIE Color Space
y
x
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L a b Color Coordinate System
L 100
b
YELLOW
-a
GREEN
a
RED
-b
BLUE
L 0
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L 58.12 a 30.41 b 36.26
WHITE
100
YELLOW
-20
-40
-60
20
40
60
GREEN
60
40
20
RED
-20
-40
-60
LIGHTNESS
0
BLUE
BLACK
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Comparison of Hunter L a b to CIELAB
Hunter L, a, b (1958)
CIE 1976 Lab
L 64.79 a 32.21 b 83.43
L 58.12 a 30.41 b 36.26
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Rectangular L a b Color Differences
SAMPLE
STANDARD
COLOR DIFFERENCES
L 75.7 a 4.1 b 87.6
L 71.6 a 6.9 b 78.7
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Total Color Difference in Rectangular Coordinates
Sample Color
Sample Color
Standard Color
Standard Color
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Potential Problems with ?E
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Interpretation of Color Differences
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5.0
2.0
CIELAB UNITS
Typical Industrial Tolerance Range
1.0
0.5
Approximate Visual Limit
0.2
Instrumental Limit
0.01
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Minimum Perceivable

• Reject batches in which a color difference can be
  seen
• High quality but bottleneck for production means
  lower volumes

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Maximum Allowable

• Wait until customer complains then set tolerance
• Allows more product to be made at lower cost

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L 64.79 a 32.21 b 83.43
L 64.78 Cab 89.43 hab 68.89º
L White
Yellow b
Green -a
Cab
hab
Red a
Blue -b
L Black
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b 90º
CIE Hue Angle (hab)
b a
h arctan
ab
a 0º
-a 180º
-b 270º
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Tolerance Improvementwith ? ?L ? ?C ? ?H
Coordinates
? ? H
? ? C
? ? L
Product Standard
Acceptable Match
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Metamerism
The phenomenon whereby a pair of spectrally
different products match under one set of
viewing conditions, but not under another.
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Simultaneous contrast 1
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Simultaneous contrast 2
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Simultaneous contrast 3
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Simultaneous brightness contrast
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Metamerism
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What is Metamerism?
sample
Std. plate
Std. plate
sample
Same color
Different color

• Sample may look different from the standard under
  a different light source

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Fluorescence
Daylight Illumination
Ultra Violet Illumination
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Fluorescence
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Temperature Weathering Instruments

• UV- condensation
• Sunlight
• Salt Spray Humidity

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Food indexes

• Tomato score
• Coffee index
• French fried index
• Baking index
• Whiteness flour/mushrooms

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Special Single Number Indices
ASTM E 313-98 Whiteness Index (WI) Yellowness
Index (YI)
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Opacity Testing
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Choice of Paper Affects Ink Color
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Color Number Determination of Transparent Liquids
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Spectrum of Iodine, Hazen, Gardner Color Numbers
in the CIE-Lab System
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45/ 0
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Color Vision Testing
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The light booth is a valuable tool that should be
used for standardized visual measurements.
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450 / 00 Geometry
light source
detector
sample
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Integrating Sphere Geometry
sphere
specular exclusion port
specimen at reflectance port
to sensor
lamp
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Portable Color Control in Production
Minolta products
BC-10 ,CR-10, CR-14
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Spectrophotometers

• Allow measurement of Metamerism
• Control of the UV component
• Color matching software
• Viewing port size can be adjusted

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Densitometers

• Complete line of transmission, reflection
  densitometers and Dot Meters, measuring with high
  accuracy films, conventional and CtP offset
  plates, photopolymer plates, proof sheets and
  O.K. print sheet comparison.

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Transmission Measurements

• Color - Voltage changes, indoor / outdoor
  sunglasses time studies
• Wavelength - UVa, UVb, rain sensors, greenhouse
  materials
• Near Infrared - counter -fitting, heat control -
  military
• Daylight / nighttime car mirrors

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Visually Evaluating Appearance
GLOSS
COLOR
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Appearance Phenomena to Evaluate Surface
Appearance
Color
Gloss
Focus on Image
Surface
Waviness
Distinctness of Image DOI
Shortwave
Specular gloss
Longwave
Haze
Image Clarity
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ASTM D523 Glossmeter Geometries
60
60
85
20
85
20
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Angle of Illumination
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Recommended Geometries
Recommended geometry
Gloss level
Semi gloss High gloss Low gloss
60 geometry 20 geometry 85 geometry
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TAPPI Glossmeter Geometries
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20
T-480
T-653
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Haze
Gloss
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Haze Measurement
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Reflection Curves of High Gloss Surfaces
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Degree of Dispersion Influences Gloss and Haze
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Products

• Single angle
• Multi Angle
• With Thickness
• With Haze
• Mirror

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Distribution of Scattered Light Influence of
Particle Size
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Wide angle scattering
Narrow angle scattering
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Haze
Clarity
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Hazegard The industry standard according to
ASTM

• Reference beam and enclosed optics
  .....guarantee accurate readings
  
• Automatic and long-term calibration
  ....stand for reliable readings
• Built-in statistics with large memory

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1928 Hardy Recording Photoelectric Color Analyzer