What happens when you apply

1
Gene Expression Genes control traits
(phenotype) by encoding proteins.
What happens when you apply an ALS inhibitor
herbicide?
2
It depends!!
Hybrid A sprayed
Hybrid A
3
Some hybrids quit growing
Hybrid A sprayed
Hybrid A
4
Hybrid A sprayed
Hybrid A
5
Other hybrids keep growing
normal IR
IT
6
Apply Herbicide
normal IR
IT hybrid A
7
normal IR
IT
8
IR Homozygous for a resistance
allele IT Heterozygous for a
resistance allele
IN IN IRIR
IT IN

9
What is different about the genes in these
hybrids? Lets look into a cell that makes up
the leaf.
IN IN IRIR
IT IN

10
Cell Membrane
A
Nucleus
A Plant Cell
11
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Chromosome
12
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Magnify
13
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
14
DNA
Gene
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
15
DNA
Gene
Gene double stranded
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
16
DNA
Gene
Gene double stranded
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
17
DNA
Gene
Gene double stranded
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
18
Promoter Coding region Termination
DNA
Gene
Gene double stranded
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
19
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Gene
Gene double stranded
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
20
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
21
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Coding region information
determines proteins
amino acid sequence
22
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
23
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Gene
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
24
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
25
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
26
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
27
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
28
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
29
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
30
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
31
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
messenger RNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Amino acids
32
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Amino acids
33
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Ribosome
34
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
35
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
36
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
37
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
38
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
39
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
40
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Protein chain
41
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
ALS protein is about 600 amino acids in length
42
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
stop codon signals complete protein
43
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Protein folds
44
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Shape determines function
45
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
ALS enzymes go to the chloroplast
46
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
ALS enzymes go to the chloroplast
47
Cytoplasm
Amino acid precursors
Chloroplast
Catalyze the synthesis of amino acids (leucine,
isoleucine and valine)
48
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Amino acid precursors bind to enzyme
49
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Enzyme will catalyze formation of complete amino
acid
50
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Amino acids will leave the chloroplast and can be
used to build more proteins
51
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Amino acids needed to make the enzyme, enzymes
needed to make amino acids
52
Cytoplasm
ALS herbicide
Chloroplast
Herbicides that inhibit amino acid synthesis
(IMMI and SU) block this process
53
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Herbicide binds
54
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Herbicide binds ALS enzyme changes shape and
cannot work
55
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Herbicide binds ALS enzyme changes shape and
cannot work
56
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Plant cell cannot make any more copies of that
amino acid
57
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Proteins that need that amino acid..
58
Promoter Coding region termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
.will not be made.
59
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Plant cell cannot make any more copies of that
amino acid
60
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Molecular level events control phenotype
61
Why do IR or IT IMMI hybrids not react to the ALS
herbicides?
normal IR
IT
62
They have different alleles of the ALS
Gene Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
Proteins that need that amino acid..
63
Alleles have different DNA sequences Promoter
Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
64
The IT allele has a change in the coding region
Promoter Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGCCC
65
This causes a change in the RNA Promoter
Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGGGCCC
66
And a change in the proteins amino acid
sequence Promoter Coding region
Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGGGCCC
67
Cytoplasm
Binds to ALS
Chloroplast
Molecular level events control phenotype
68
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
69
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
70
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
71
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
72
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
73
Cytoplasm
Herbicide does not bind
Chloroplast
Enzyme can work in the presence of the herbicide
74
The IR allele has a different mutation Promoter
Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGGGCCC
75
The ALS enzyme has a different change Promoter
Coding region Termination
GGGCCTATAATGGGTACGGGCCCTTTAAAATGCCCCGGGG
DNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CCCAUGCCCGGGAAUUUUACGGGGGCCC
76
IR allele does not give field level resistance
unless the plant has two copies.
IN IN IRIN
IRIR IT IN