Open Access Publishing

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Open Access Publishing

• SCONUL Conference Workshop
• Birmingham, 21 June 2007

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Context Journal Publishing

• Global Revenues 6.5 billion
• No. of titles c.25,000 peer-reviewed active
  learned journals
• No. of publishers c.2,000 publishers of which
  top 20 publish 64 of articles
• No. of articles 1.6 million p.a.
• Growth rate 3.5 p.a. by article

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Context RD

• Global Expenditure 1,000 billion
• Growth rate 3.5 p.a. in OECD areas,
  faster in China, India, etc
• No. of researchers 5.5 million

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What do we mean by Open Access?

• Open Access is free, permanent online access to
  the full text of primary research articles for
  anyone, anywhere
• Driven by
• View that research can be accelerated by OA
• Political pressure to make the results of
  publicly-funded research freely available
• Library budgets failing to keep up with growth in
  research output and journal prices
• Expectations created by the move to online
  delivery

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Two routes to Open Access

• Gold road
• Pay-to-publish. Articles are made freely
  accessible immediately on publication. Cost of
  publication is met by author, authors funding
  body, authors institution. Publication costs
  vary between publishers but are typically
  2,000-3,000.
• Green road
• Self-archiving. Authors archive their articles
  in an institutional or subject repository
  providing free online access after an embargo
  period. Embargo periods vary with considerable
  pressure for them to be reduced. Version of
  article deposited can also vary.

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High-quality publishing has a cost

• It costs money to produce a peer-reviewed,
  edited, and formatted article that is ready for
  online publication, and to host it on a server
  that is accessible around the clock The
  administration of peer review, copy editing,
  production of high-quality tagged electronic
  files, web hosting, and so on are expensive
  processes.
• PLOS Web Site FAQs

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The Gold Road

• Wiley-Blackwell is supportive of the Gold Road,
  provided that true publication costs are met by
  funding bodies
• 161 Blackwell journals and 53 Wiley journals now
  offer a pay-to-publish model (OnlineOpen or
  Funded Access)
• These are hybrid models pay-to-publish,
  free-to-the-world articles available within
  subscription-based journals
• Both Blackwell and Wiley participate in
  philanthropic projects providing free or
  low-priced access in the developing world
  HINARI, AGORA, OARE, INASP

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Access to publicly funded research

• Tax payers have the right to access research
  they have paid for. Indeed they do. They can
  look at exactly what they have paid for which
  is research up to the stage of pre-prints. They
  have not, however, paid for peer-review,
  copy-editing, composition or any other value that
  a publisher adds.
• Peter Banks, 26 January 2007

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Development of a research article

• Stage 1 - primary research outputs
• Outcome of funded research with no publisher
  investment. Public right to access ends at this
  point
• Stage 2 - accepted author version
• Outcome of peer review applied to stage one.
  Significant publisher investment
• Stage 3 - final published version
• Version of record in citable form. Full
  publisher investment

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The Green Road

• Deposit mandates are unacceptable unless
  appropriately funded
• Free access to stage 2 and stage 3 articles will
  undermine the financial viability of journals
• Solutions should be tailored to disciplines and
  journal characteristics
• Widely differing usage profiles for journals in
  different disciplines
• Experiments under discussion with EC

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Funding body positions
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Self-archiving and subscriptions

• 53 (rising to 81 in the next five years) of
  librarians surveyed saw availability of content
  via OA archives as an important or very important
  factor in cancellations.
• ALPSP Survey of librarians on factors in journal
  cancellations Mark Ware, 2006

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Self-archiving and subscriptions

• The majority of librarians will cancel
  subscriptions if 100 of content is OA on
  publication and even with an embargo of six
  months.
• Peer-reviewed content is strongly preferred.
  Widely available pre-prints (Stage 1) do not
  threaten subscriptions but the authors copy of
  the post-peer review article (Stage 2) does.
• Self-archiving and journal subscriptions
  Co-existence or competition? Chris Beckett and
  Simon Inger, 2006, funded by PRC

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Is access an issue?

• Most researchers have access to most of what
  they want most of the time.
• Associate University Librarian, medium-sized US
  university, member of Blackwell Library Advisory
  Board

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Access to journals in the US

• Median number of serials purchased by ARLs
• 1987 16,514
• 2001 13,682
• 2005 22,404
• Average unit cost peaked in 2000 at 310.62 and
  has since fallen to 239.58. Now lower than at
  any time since 1996.
• ARL Statistics, 2004-2005

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Access to journals in the UK

• Total number of periodicals purchased by UKHE
  libraries
• 1993/1994 533,000
• 2000/2001 826,000
• 2004/2005 1,200,000
• Average unit cost peaked in 1995/1996 at 110.09
  and has since fallen to 80.08.
• University Library Spending on Books, Journals
  and Electronic Resources. 2007 Update.

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European Union

• Scientific publishing conference February 2007
• OA here to stay
• Understanding that good publishing costs
• Understanding that one size does not fit all
• Rising power of funders and research institute
  directors
• Wide variation in policies and knowledge of
  publishing
• Follow up
• Commissioner Vivienne Reding looking for
  compromise and progress ahead of Portugal taking
  over presidency in July

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STM Proposal

• Large-scale pilot programme covering wide range
  of journal types and disciplines.
• Objectives
• Impact of open archiving of post-prints on
  subscriptions and research productivity
• Gain understanding of practical aspects
• Assessment of so-called OA citation advantage
• Author behaviour
• Cost efficiencies

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What does all this mean for libraries?

• In the short term (1-2 years)
• More mandates for self-archiving, meaning
  potentially more need for IRs
• Some growth in pay-to-publish, with little impact
  on libraries
• More membership models from OA publishers,
  creating additional demands on library budgets
• Continuing heated debate, causing even greater
  uncertainty

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What does all this mean for libraries?

• In the medium term (3-5 years)
• Likely scenario is mixed economy of OA publishers
  (pay-to-publish), self-archiving, hybrid
  journals, etc impact on libraries depends on
  balance between these
• Possibly some impact on the pricing of journals
  through increasing proportion of pay-to-publish
  content and short embargoes
• Probably some further refinement of commercial
  business models to meet the needs of funders
• Transfer of funding away from libraries?

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