College of Engineering

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College of Engineering Department of Mechanical
Engineering
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• A Case Study of
• Liquid Fuel Combustion
• Solid Fuel Combustion
• Biological Liquid Solid Fuel Combustion
• By
• ENG Mutaz Abdulhafez Al-Muhtaseb

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Table of Contents

• Introduction
• - Definitions of Fuels
• -Classifications of Fuels
• Bio-Diesel Fuels ( Jojoba Fuel and WVO Fuel)

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Table of Contents (contd)

• Solid Fuel Combustion
• -( Ultimate Analysis, Proximate Analysis )
• Bio-Mass Fuel ( Olive Cake )
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• References

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Definitions of Fuels

• Fuels are substances which, when heated, undergo
  chemical reaction with an oxidizer, typically
  oxygen, to liberate heat.
• Commercially important fuels contain carbon and
  hydrogen and their compounds, which provide
  heating value

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Definitions (contd)

• Fuels may be fossil (non-renewable) or
  bio-fuel (renewable)
• Fuels may be solid, liquid or gaseous
• Fossil fuels may be coal, petroleum-crude derived
  or natural gas.
• Bio-Fuels may be Bio-Mass, Bio-Diesel, or
  Bio-Gas.

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1st Classification of Fuels
Fuels
Renewable Fuels
Fossil Fuels
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
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Fossil FuelAdvantages

• Cheap
• Plentiful

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Fossil FuelDisadvantages

• Global Environmental Problems
• Since the beginning of industrial age, the use of
  fossil fuels has increased and leads to increase
  many global problems such as
• Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in
  the atmosphere about (2.5 billions of tons per
  year stay in air)

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This has probably also increased the earth's
temperature, warmer global temperature can lead
to melting of the polar ice caps and higher ocean
levels
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Other global environmental pollution is the great
increasing in sulfur dioxide emissions

• It is the primary cause of acid rain.
• Acid rain can have many harmful effects,
  including the acidification of lakes with
  significant decline in fish population and damage
  to humane health

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They arise primarily from the burning of fossil
fuels and oxidation of sulfur

• SO2?SO2 and
• 2SO2O2?2SO3 and
• SO3H2O?H2SO4 (the acid rain)
• Coal( Non-Renewable Fuel ) for example, contains
  as much as 6 sulfur by weight

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Impact of acid rain 1- Acidification of aquatic
ecosystems. 2- Vegetation damage, forest decline
and reduced crop yield 3- Health risks
mobilization heavy metals and respiratory
irritation
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1908 1968
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Global Economic Problems

• Just know that the oil barrel rise up to
  70/barrel in 2005, Where it was equal about
  26/barrel in 2004

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Jordanian Environmental Problems

• The local Diesel nowadays is beyond the standard
  legal limits which should not exceed more than
  350 mg/ Kg diesel, but the emissions of sulfur of
  The local diesel is 10 000 mg/Kg diesel ? 11
  000 mg/Kg diesel

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Jordanian Economic Problems

• The government increased prices of oil
  derivatives by 4.8 ? 29, effective as of today
• Officials said the deficit was envisaged at JD270
  million in 2005 budget

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After all of these environmental and economical
global problems and others for Jordan, It is the
time to begin to search to renewable resources
that will return the balance to environmental
cycle, and decrease the economic budget deficits
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So The Main Objective is

• To Use Jojoba oil as an Alternative Bio-Diesel
  Fuel (Bio-Fuel Combustion)
• To Use the Olive Cake as Bio-Mass Fuel (Solid
  Combustion)

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Some advantages of renewable fuels just
headlines are listed below-

• There is infinite supply of renewable energy
• Renewable fuels are carbon natural
• Renewable fuels strengthen the economy, and
  decrease the budget deficit.

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2nd Classification of Fuels
Fuels
Gas
Liquid
Solid
CH4 Fossil Fuel
CH4 Composting
Gasoline Fossil Fuel
Vegetable Oil Renewable
Coal Fossil Fuel
Olive Cake Renewable
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• Renewable means that something comes back after
  it is used. Then you pick apple from a tree you
  do so knowing that another will grow to replace
  it. This is similar to use vegetable oil as fuel,
  more crops will grow and more vegetable oil will
  be produced. This cycle can go on endlessly as
  long as we take care of our land renewable fuels
  will never run out.

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Fuels? Bio-Diesel Fuel Combustion ? Jojoba Oil

• THE JOJOBA PLANT
• Family Simmondsiaceae
• Species chinensi
• Genus Simmonsis

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• Jojoba (pronounced hohoba) is a desert shrub
  that grows wild in southern Arizona, northwest
  Mexico and neighboring areas. It is a woody
  evergreen shrub which is 23 ft high, easily
  recognized by its thick, leathery, bluish green
  leaves and dark brown nutlike fruit

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• It is robust, drought tolerant, and withstands
  desert heat without requiring much water or
  shade. Moreover, its water requirement is timed
  to meet the scarcity of rainfall in deserts

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Planting Jojoba in Jordan
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Jojoba oil
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Oil Characteristics

• Flash and Fire Points
• Jojoba oil has a high flash and fire point allows
  for its use in many industrial areas with safe
  side at high critical working conditions such
  transportation
• Moisture Content
• Jojoba oil has almost No Moisture content

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MATERIALS, METHODS, AND PROCEDURES

• Bio-oil material
• Pure Jojoba oil was used in this experiment as
  bio-oil
• Engine setup
• Lombardini Engine

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Storage Tanks
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Modified injector pressure

• injector pressure modification done by
  disconnecting and dismantles injector.
• 2. adding specific rings to get injector pressure
  of 120,140,190, and 210 bars .

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Procedure

• The engine runs at different injector pressures
  (120,140,190,210 bars).
• In all trials the engine should be operated at
  maximum speed, and for duration of 15 minute to
  reach steady state

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1. Measurements of Exhaust Gas Emissions

• UniGas 3000,gas analyzer was used to
  measured
• Exhaust Temperature
• Combustion efficiency

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Measurement of engine speed

• Tachometer (compact, M79 RH) was used to measure
  the engine speed (RPM) for diesel fuel, Jojoba
  oil, WVO.

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Measurement of fuel consumption FC

• F.C volume consumed / time for consuming
  certain fuel volume

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Part One Thermal Efficiency of Combustion

• Combustion efficiency with injector pressure
  for WVO and Diesel fuel

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• Fuel consumption with injector pressure for
  WVO and Diesel fuel

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• Exhaust gases temperature with injector
  pressure for WVO and Diesel fuel

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Results of Engine Performance(Gas Emissions)

• For Local Diesel Fuel-
• NO 61 ppm
• NOx 63 ppm
• SO2 10 000 ppm
• For Jojoba Oil as Fuel-
• NO 33 ppm
• NOx 34 ppm
• SO2 0.0

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Fuel? Bio-Mass Solid Fuel Combustion ? Olive
Cake
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Biomass ??

• Biomass is plant matter or other biological
  material, such as trees, grasses, or agricultural
  crops.
• On average, biomass is made of 75 carbohydrates
  and 25 lignin.
• Lignin forms the woody cell walls of the plants.

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Biomass

• Wood and Wood products

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Biomass

• Agricultural Byproducts and Residues

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Biomass

• Trees, shrubs, grasses and other energy crops
• Typically fast growing

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Biomass Uses for Energy

• Heating stoves, process heat
• Cooking developing world
• Transportation ethanol
• Electric Power Production

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Technologies used to Produce Electricity from
Biomass

• Direct Combustion - burning biomass with excess
  air to produce steam

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Technologies (cont.)

• Gasification heat biomass without oxygen to
  produce a calorific gas

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Analyses Used in Solid Fuel Combustion

• Proximate analysis (ASTM D3172)
• Sample of known mass, to determine
• Moisture dried at 105 to 110oC in an oven
• Volatile combustible matter heated to 900oC in
  a covered crucible
  Fixed carbon heated to 750oC in
  an open crucible
  
• Ash the final residue

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Solid Fuel Analysis

• Ultimate Analysis (ASTM D3176)
• Provides the major elemental composition of the
  fuel, that is usually reported on dry, ash-free
  basis
• Carbon includes organic carbon carbon from
  mineral carbonates
• Hydrogen includes organic hydrogen hydrogen
  from moisture mineral hydrates
• Other elements include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
  and others like chlorine.

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Typical Ultimate Analysis of Some types of Wood
in
Type of Wood C H O N S Ash
California Red Wood 53.5 5.9 40.3 0.1 Trace 0.2
Western Hemlock 50.4 5.8 41.4 0.1 0.1 2.2
Douglas Fir 52.3 6.3 40.5 0.1 Trace 0.8
Pine (Sawdust) 51.8 6.3 41.3 0.1 Trace 0.5
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BIOMASS Fuel COMBUSTION

• Thermal energy released upon biomass combustion
  is mainly due to the exothermic oxidation
  reactions of materials carbon and hydrogen.
  Biomass combustion passes through three
  consecutive but overlapping phases, namely

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Isothermal moisture evaporation , evolution of
material volatiles (flaming combustion ), and
glowing or char combustion of material solid
particles

• (For olive cake)
• The data showed that flaming and char combustion
  lasted for about 30 and 70 of the total burning
  time, respectively , the total burning time per
  batch ranged from 75 to 85 minutes

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IN Other Words Combustion Process can say

• Pyrolysis,
• Gasification
• and Combustion

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Pyrolysis, Gasification and Combustion

• The thermal conversion of biomass requires three
  stages of heat
• - Pyrolysis (from pyro, heat and lysis, breaking
  apart)
• - Gasification Conversion of a solid to a gas
• - Combustion Burning of the gas to make CO2 and
  H2O

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A SIMPLE PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENT

• Pyrolysis (heating biomass to 450 C) produces
  gas, oil and charcoal
• Heres a simple experiment

Woodgas flame
Test tube
Biomass
Bunsen flame
Oil Drops
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PURE PYROLYSIS

• Pure pyrolysis can be represented as-
• CH1.4O0.6 ? 0.4 C (charcoal) C.6H1.4O.6
  (pyrolysis oil and gas)
• This requires an external heat source like the
  Bunsen flame

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THE SIMPLE MATCH Flaming Combustion

• Pyrolysis, gasification and combustion are all
  visible in the simple match. Please look CLOSELY
  at one at your first opportunity

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PROCESSES IN THE MATCH
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FLAMING COMBUSTION

• If you have lots of air passing over a small
  amount of wood, it will burn completely to CO2
  and H2O in flaming combustion, as in the match
• CH1.4O0.6 1.05 (O2 3.76N2)?CO2 .7H2O
  
• If you have insufficient air passing through a
  mass of burning wood, you have flaming
  pyrolysis producing CO and H2, the basis of
  biomass gasification

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FLAMING PYROLYSIS

• During gasification, air (or oxygen) is passed
  through a bed of burning biomass
• The large excess of fuel causes the following
  reaction
• CH1.4O0.6 Air ? Charcoal, CO, CO2, H2, H2O
• The relative fractions depend on the AIR/FUEL
  ratio

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FLAMING PYROLYSIS
Air (O2) in
Fuel
Flaming Pyrolysis
Char Gasification
CO, H2 out
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THE KEYS TO BIOMASS THEMAL CONVERSION
PGC PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION COMBUSTION
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Biomass Reactions vs Equivalence Ratio
C
Combustion Complete
2000
G
P
Temperature - C
1000
Charcoal and Tar Zone
Lean burn ?
Autothermal operation
All C converted to CO
0
1.0
0.25
0
Equivalence Ratio
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GASIFICATION FUEL RATIO

• It is necessary to have the correct air (or
  O2)/fuel ratio to achieve complete gasification
• With lower values of this ratio you have an
  excess of charcoal and tar
• With higher values you deplete charcoal and burn
  product gas
• We call the optimum ratio the Sweet Spot of
  gasification

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Controlling the Sweet Spot

• The correct air/fuel ratio depends on many
  things
• - Moisture content
• - Type of biomass
• - Air throughput rate
• It is believed that Sweet Spot control is the
  key to simple, clean gasification

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Jojoba oil has a high level of thermal stability
  
• Jojoba oil has long straight carbon chain (C20
  toC22) this means more cetane number, more
  heating value, less denotation? more engine
  performance and engine efficiency

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd)

• Jojoba oil has heating value about 42.3612 MJ/Kg
  oil, this is almost like diesel fuel
• 4. Jojoba oil has no water content ? less energy
  will be for heating water ? lower heating value
  is almost equal to Higher heating value ?
  increase the combustion efficiency

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd)

• Traditional pollutants (SO2 NOX) will decrease
  if we conceder Solid (Bio-Mass) fuel combustion
  besides Fossil Fuel
• Natural combustion of olive cake fuel is not
  efficient due to the lack of oxygen , which is
  necessary to premix with the volatiles emitted
  from the briquettes during the volatile
  combustion phase of the combustion process

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Contd)

1. The combustion byproducts ( mainly the SOX and
   the NOX ) of this type of fuel are relatively
   much less than those emitted from similar solid
   waste like charcoal
2. Carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaust
   gasses decreased, while CO2 increased as flow
   rate increased, which indicates better mixing and
   combustion of olive cake with forced air supply

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REFERANCES

• Al-Widyan and Others Briquettes of Olive Cake
  as a Potential Source of Thermal Energy
• http//www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?bookDiction
  aryvalignin
• http//www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/bioma
  ss.htm
• http//www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html
• http//www.GTSEnergySolidFuelDivisionTotalEnergySy
  stemsforBoardPlants.htm

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Any Questions

• THANKS FOR LISTENING