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CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonds
Lecture
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Original Production
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• Section 6.1 Ionic Bonding
• Stable Electron Configurations when the highest
  occupied energy level of an atom is filled with
  electrons, the atom is stable and not likely to
  react

Questions 1)In which group on the periodic
table do you find the elements pictured on the
right??? 2) How many valence electrons do they
contain???
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3) Which elemental gas is currently used in
modern blimps???
4) Why is this gas used when hydrogen gas is more
abundant and less expensive to use???
http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-238011814
2773657669qhindenburghlen
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- the chemical properties of an element depend
on the number of valence electrons - an
electron dot diagram is a model of an atom that
illustrates the valence electrons of that atom
- the symbol in the center represents the nucleus
and all other (non-valence) electrons in that
atom - each dot on the perimeter of the
symbol represents the VALENCE electrons only
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Look at the periodic table in your text and
complete the table below
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B. Ionic Bonds - elements that do not have
complete sets of valence electrons (8) tend to
REACT - by reacting, elements achieve electron
configurations similar to those of the noble
gases - some elements achieve stable electron
configurations through the transfer of electrons
between atoms
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1. Transfer of Electrons Questions a.) how
many valence electrons are found in a chlorine
atom??? b.) if a chlorine atom gained an
electron, which element(s) would it resemble with
regard to the electron dot diagram??? c.) from
what group on the periodic table could we
transfer this electron???
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- this transfer of electrons is actually a
chemical bond
- each atom ends up with a more stable electron
arrangement than is had before the transfer
What does the () on the Sodium mean??? What does
the (-) on the Chlorine mean???
In the dot diagram above, the red dots represent
electrons that were original chlorine electrons 
while the blue one represents the one donated by
sodium
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2. Formation of Ions an atom that has a net
positive or negative electrical charge is called
an ion - represented by a () or a (-) sign -
() represents a loss of electrons - (-)
represents a gain of electrons - numbers
preceding the charge represent the number of
electrons lost or gained - an ion with a (-)
charge is called an anion - an ion with a ()
charge is called a cation
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3. Formation of Ionic Bonds - a chemical bond
is the force that holds atoms or ions together as
a unit
- an ionic bond is the force that holds cations
and anions together - an ionic bond forms when
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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4. Ionization Energy the amount of energy needed
to remove an electron - varies from element to
element
- the lower the ionization energy, the easier it
is to remove an electron from an atom
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C. Ionic Compounds are compounds that contain
ionic bonds - a chemical formula is a notation
that shows what elements a compound contains and
the ratio of atoms or ions of each element in the
compound - subscripts are used to show the
relative numbers of atoms of the elements
present EXAMPLES NaCl has a 11 ratio of Na to
Cl MgCl2 Al2O3
has a 12 ratio of Mg to Cl
has a 23 ratio of Al to O
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- chemical formulas are easily produced by
electron dot diagrams EXAMPLES
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1. Crystal Lattices - the attraction of
opposite charged ions keep them in fixed
positions in a rigid framework, or lattice -
solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice
structure are called crystals - crystals are
classified into groups based on the shape
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Beryllium-Treated Rubies Sapphiresby Ted
Themelis This book is the product of
self-supported and painstaking research work of
47 experiments on 30,000 natural and synthetic
rubies and sapphires treated with beryllium by
the author in his laboratory in Bangkok from May
2002 to January 2003.This work is designed to
inform you the results from the experimentation
carefully documented and presented in a concise
and authoritative manner intended for the layman.
This book provides true facts and observations
not available anywhere else. This is the first
and best reference on this issue written by
anybody in any language. All information derived
directly from my lab in Bangkok.
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µµÏ(crucible)µéÀÇ ¹À Ù
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³ë(furnace) ¾È ÀÖ 1,000 deg.CÀÇ µµÏµé
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20. ëÁ¼ºÀå ÇÕ¼ºÈÁ(Flux-Grown Synthetic
Ruby)ÀÇ ÀÎÃâ úÁ1983 ³âºÎÅÍ, J.O. Crystal Co.
îµÇÏí ÀÖ Judith Osmer ÇÕ¼ºÈÁ ÀÎÃâúÁÀ
½ÃÇÏ ÀÏÃÀÇ çÁøµéÑ üà ÀÚá gtgtgt ø¼  gtgtgt
7. ÇÕ¼º ¹ Àç ø¼ (Synthetic Simulant
Gemstones)Ñ üà ÀÚá gtgtgt ââ çë gtgtgt 3.
¼Õ½î º¼ ÆǺ gtgtgt ÇÕ¼º ø¼µéú ÀÎÁ ðÁµé -
µµÇ. ÇÕ¼º Çüŵé(Synthetic types)Ñ üà ÀÚá
gtgtgt ø¼  gtgtgt 19. ÈÁú ÃÁ (Rubies
Sapphires , ûõè ôìè) gtgtgt 5) ÇÕ¼ºÁú Àçµé
(Synthetic Corundum and Simulants)
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2. Properties of Ionic Compounds - high
melting point - in solid state, poor conductor
of electric current - if melted, good conductor
of electric current - will shatter when struck
by hammer