SP1WP5 Task 2: European Regions Capabilities and Relevant Technology Developments

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SP1-WP5 Task 2European Regions - Capabilities
and Relevant Technology Developments
CAHET Workshop 24 April 2007

• Dimityr Popov
• Technical University of Sofia
• E-mail dpopov_at_tu-sofia.bg

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Capabilities and competence in the field of CO2
capture and H2 production in Russia

• There were not CO2 capture and sequestration
  projects under neither development in Russia
  until recently. CO2 capture and sequestration
  were deemed as inherently unfeasible and the
  geological CO2 sequestration has been evaluated
  as dangerous process. The carbon capture
  processes were studied only as a source of
  black carbon material suitable for industrial
  application.
• The first CCS event in Russia have been initiated
  by the European Union.

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EU-Russia CCS workshops in 2004

• Workshop on EU-Russia Cooperation in Research on
  Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 29-30 September, 2004
• Workshop on EU-Russia Cooperation in Research on
  CO2 Capture and Storage, 1st of October, 2004.
• It has been expected and planed Russia to report
  its activities in the aforementioned fields.
  Russian participants have been more active in the
  Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Workshop!
• There was only one Russian project reported in
  the CO2 Capture and Storage Workshop

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Recently initiated Russian CCS projects

• Prospective CO2 Capture and Storage technologies
  based on Chemical Looping Reforming processes
• IGCC with CO2 Capture
• The first project has been awarded to the Karpov
  Institute of Physical Chemistry in May 2005
• The second project has been awarded to the
  All-Russian (former All-Union) Thermal
  Engineering Institute VTI, also in May 2005

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Hydrogen production in Russia directions

• Highly efficient new processes of H2 and syngas
  production from hydrocarbon material (natural
  gas, methane, propane-butane mixture, alcohols,
  liquid fossil fuel) on the base of plasma
  catalysis.
• Plasma chemical technologies of large-scale
  hydrogen production from methane and hydrogen
  sulfide (acid gas) in non-equilibrium SHF
  discharges
• Technology for natural gas thermal decomposition
  and waste wood processing yielding hydrogen and
  carbon (pyrocarbon of over 1.8 g/cm3 density or
  other carbon material)
• New catalytic systems for hydrocarbon fuel
  processing and hydrogen production (including
  on-board and small scale devices)
• Advanced technologies for hydrogen purification
  and separation
• Advanced electrolysis (including SPE and HT)
• High temperature nuclear technologies for
  hydrogen production from fossil fuels and water

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Hydrogen RD in Russiamain institutes

• Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies Institute
  of the Research Center Kurchatov Institute
• Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy
  of Sciences
• Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch
  of Russian Academy of Sciences
• Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
• State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation
  Institute for Physics and Power Engineering
• Center Cortes
• Fast Engineering Ltd.
• National Innovating Company New Energy Projects

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute main areas of Research Development
Activity

• plasma chemical and electrochemical methods
  (non-traditional systems) for large scale
  hydrogen production
• plasma chemical methods for CH4, H2O, CO2, H2S
  conversion
• hydrogen production with the aim of water
  electrolysis based on solid polymer electrolytes
• Development of methods of fabrication of
  composite carbon hydrogen-selective membranes
  using partial polymer carbonization
• hydrogen safety and loss of prevention in nuclear
  and chemical industry modelling of hydrogen
  generation, distribution, combustion/detonation/re
  combination and systems (detectors, sensors,
  catalytic recombiners etc.)
• sources of low temperature non-equilibrium plasma

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute major Hydrogen related projects

• Test Facility POVOD for Development and Scaling
  of Plasma Assisted Processes of Hydrogen and
  Syn-Gas Production
• plasma replaces catalysis and accelerates
  chemical reactions
• POVOD has been designed to investigate gas-phase
  plasma chemical processes under effect of
  stationary microwave discharge

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute major Hydrogen related projects

• Methane Conversion to COH2 in Non-equilibrium
  Microwave Discharge
• high efficiency methane conversion to synthesis
  gas (CO H2) in microwave plasma both for steam
  and carbon dioxide reforming

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute major Hydrogen related projects

• Acid Gas (H2S CO2) Conversion in Microwave
• Direct plasma chemical dissociation of hydrogen
  sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur
• H2S H2 S
• and syn-gas production from H2S/CO2 mixture
• H2S CO2gtH2 CO S H2O
• have been experimentally tested under effect of
  different types of discharges microwave, radio
  frequency, arc, gliding arc, etc.

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute major Hydrogen related projects

• Microwave reformers of hydrogen raw material
  conversion into synthesis gas
• Two converter types have been developed based on
  the impulse periodical microwave discharge, and
  on the stationary discharge

• Synthesis gas production 20 nm3/hour
• Converter size below 350 x 500 x 500 mm, Mass
  31.5 kg,
• Electric power expenses for syngas production
  0.15 kWh/m3
• Conversion efficiency (with heat recuperation) is
  94.

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Hydrogen Energy and Plasma Technologies
Institute major Hydrogen related projects

• Surface modification of polymer membranes for gas
  separation
• Method improves the selectivity of any membrane
  containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in the
  surface layers

• prescribed membrane selectivity is available
• 100 times improvement of selectivity
• low treatment cost

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Institute for High Temperatures Russian Academy
of Science - IVTAN

• Pre-combustion Natural Gas Decarbonisation with
  Hydrogen and Carbon Production
• Two-stage pyrolysis of natural gas At the first
  stage thermal decomposition of the natural gas is
  carried out as a homogeneous process producing
  hydrogen and dispersed black carbon. The black
  carbon is then granulated to produce porous
  pellets. At the second stage these pellets are
  heated and used as the initial porous matrix to
  be stuffed with pyrocarbon during heterogeneous
  decomposition of natural gas

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IVTAN natural gas pyrolysis test facility
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IVTAN H2/O2 steam generators project
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IVTAN H2/O2 steam/gas turbine project
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Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch
of Russian Academy of Sciences

• Hydrogen Production in Microreactors with
  Microstructured Plates by Methanol Steam
  Reforming
• Cu/ZnO catalyst has been tested in the
  microreactor and in conventional fixed-bed
  reactor.
• methanol conversion in the microreactor keeps at
  high levels at a very short contact time and CO
  output concentration is lower in comparison with
  conventional fixed-bed reactor

• The microreactor consists of a steel cylinder
  filled with microstructured plates (250-370 µm
  thick) with aluminum rings (20-50 µm thick)
  sandwiched between them and used as spacers

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Fast Engineering Ltd new catalytic reactor design

• FAST ENGINEERING Ltd is a private company founded
  in 1991 and is independent research, engineering
  Company.
• FAST ENGINEERING Ltd is the owner of patents of
  highly effective catalytic reactors, heat
  exchanger and mass transfer apparatuses
• A new catalytic reactor features so that in
  annular space of a radial reactor, filled with
  the catalyst, the walls were placed in the form
  of a planar spiral (in a plane drawn
  perpendicularly with respect to the longitudinal
  axis of the reactor), forming spiral-shaped
  passages, which have the same sections to the
  direction of fluid flow. In this case the walls
  are made of solid metal for adiabatic processes
  and with hollows if heat supply or removal from
  the catalyst bed or carry out of isothermal
  process is necessary. The inner space of hollow
  walls connected with pipes of inlet and outlet of
  heat-carrier.

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Fast Engineering Ltd new catalytic reactor design
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National Innovating Company New Energy Projects

• The companys principal activities
• Design, scientific-research, development,
  probing, sampling and technological activities on
  hydrogen power and fuel cells
• Development of perspective innovation and venture
  projects in the hydrogen fuel field
• Research on market demands (both domestic and
  international) for Russian hydrogen technologies.
  Determining the most perspective market segments
  and elaboration of a strategy to deal with them

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National Innovating Company main hydrogen project
Methanol fuel processor Methanol fuel processor
is developed for the pure hydrogen production
from the methanol-water fuel. It is a part of the
transport and stationary fuel cell-based
power plants
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Lithuania Capabilities and Relevant Technology
Developments

• LEI Laboratory of combustion processes
• Hydrogen project Organic fuel decomposition for
  hydrogen dissociation at high temperature

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Lithuania LEI Laboratory of combustion processes

• Hydrogen project Organic fuel decomposition for
  hydrogen dissociation at high temperature
• Objective is to create a process during which
  heat production would be combined with hydrogen
  generation and separation within one facility
• The initial research of organic fuel
  decomposition for hydrogen production and
  modelling of reaction kinetics were performed, in
  order to investigate autothermal conversion
  process conditions and obtain the largest
  hydrogen concentration in resulting gas mixture.
  The results showed that H2 concentration in gas
  mixture increases with the decrease of air excess
  ratio mainly at temperature range 1200-1400oC.
  The major part of hydrogen is generated during
  quick exothermic partial fuel oxidation, i.e. in
  the initial reactor part approximately 70-90 of
  all H2, and the other part during slow
  endothermic CO conversion with water vapour

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Poland Capabilities and Relevant Technology
Developments

• Department of Kinetics and Catalysis at A.
  Mickiewicz University in Poznan specializes in
  unconventional methods for hydrogen production,
  solid oxide catalysts synthesis and their
  physicochemical/catalytic properties
  characterization for CO conversion from H2O, as
  well as photocatalytic hydrogen production
• Group for Sorption and Membrane Methods of
  Separation at Institute of Chemical Engineering
  in Gliwice ( Polish Academy of Sciences) executes
  research on gas separation and hydrogen sorption,
  using adsorption and membrane methods
• Institute of Inorganic Chemical Technology and
  Environmental Engineering deals with contemporary
  materials for hydrogen storing ( nanotubes) and
  carrying research on properties of catalysts for
  hydrogen oxidation for power applications

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Poland Hydrogen project

• Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of
  Technology Pure Hydrogen from Natural Gas
• The project reports finding a catalyst that has
  been proven to completely decompose CH4 at 1073 K
  continuously for over 7 hours. The product gas
  constitutes pure hydrogen.

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Romania National Research Institute for
Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies (NRICIT)

• Hydrogen production, separation and purification
  pilot plant

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Romania NRICIT pilot facility features

• The reactor designed in the institute, called
  REFORMER woks at 700º C and 3 atm, the steam
  reforming process being produced on a Ni based
  catalyst disposed in ten columns, annular
  distributed
• After reformation the output gas is cooled and
  drawn into the HTS reactor and LTS reactor
  respectively. The HTS reactor works in domain of
  temperature of 450-550 C in presence of
  Fe2O3/Cr2O3 catalyst disposed in three columns.
  In the LTS reactor water-gas-shift reaction takes
  place between 150-250C using CuO/ZnO catalyst
  disposed also in three columns, in line with the
  HTS reactor
• After hydrogen was produced, it is purified using
  a purification based on a Pd membrane reactor
  called PERMEATOR. This reactor is made by three
  Pd cannular membranes on ?-alumina support and
  annular disposed within a stainless steel reactor
  and the working temperature is in domain of
  400-500º C. Before the synthesis gas from LTS to
  be introduced into the Permeator, the water is
  removed by a heat exchanger and the gas is then
  purified by permeation through the Pd membranes.
  Hydrogen that was obtained after its permeation
  contains less than 10 ppm CO

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Task 2 European Regions - Capabilities and
Relevant Technology Developments first
conclusions

• Due to historical development, new EU Member
  States and Associate Candidate Countries started
  to discover the CCS technologies somewhat later
  than the old EU-15.
• There are not currently new, high-potential CO2
  capture technology concepts or applications for
  CACHET technologies that could be of interest to
  CACHET
• There are RD institutes with interest and
  experience in hydrogen production technologies
  that could be involved in future CCS projects