2003 Lincoln Navigator Ultimate 4WD 4dr SUV

1
Energy and Transportation Technology
2003 Lincoln Navigator Ultimate 4WD 4dr SUV
2
Energy Consumption by Sector, 1949-2004 (in
Billion BTU)
3
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption
by Sector, 1980-2003 (in Million Metric Tons of
Carbon Dioxide)
4
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends
Source US EPA (2003) Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends
5
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends
Source US EPA (2003) Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends
6
Relationship between Crude Oil Price and
Petroleum Consumption
Crude oil price in 1996 dollars per million BTU
(Source EIA, Annual Energy Review 2002)
7
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends
Source US EPA (2003) Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends
8
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy
Trends

• Model year 2003 light vehicles average was 20.8
  mpg (24.8 mpg for cars and 17.7 mpg for light
  trucks)
• New vehicle fuel economy peaked in 1987 and 1988
  at 22.1 mpg and has since then been on a
  downward trend
• This is mainly due to the increase in SUV sales
  (from 2 in 1975 to 24 in 2003)
• Light trucks (pickups, vans SUVs) now make up
  48 of the light vehicle market
• New technologies have been used to compensate
  for increasing vehicle weight, horsepower and
  acceleration
• Based on accepted engineering relationships fuel
  economy could have been increased by about 33
  instead
• Light vehicles account for approximately 40 of
  all US oil consumption
• Light vehicles contribute about 20 of all US
  C02 emissions

9
Vehicle ownership
Today, there are more light vehicles in the US
than people with driving licenses
Source Litman T (2003) Regional Transport Issues
in North America
10
Per capita vehicle and air travel in selected
countries
Source Litman T (2003) Regional Transport Issues
in North America
11
Transport innovation


Increased pressure on transportation system
Space-time convergence
Positive Feedback Loop (Rebound Effect)


Increased transportation (travel behavior)
Increased demand for transportation


Spatial adaptations (land use patterns)
12
Assessing transportation system efficiencies
Transportation infrastructure (production, mainten
ance, disposal)
Primary Energy Source
Kinetic Energy
Transport
Fuel
Vehicle use
Fuel production
Vehicle (production, maintenance, disposal)
well-to-tank
tank-to-wheel
13
The importance of the upstream fuelcycle
upstream emissions as a percentage of end-use
emissions
Source M. Delucchi. Based on 26 mpg LDGV, 6 mpg
HDDV, year 2010 parameters. NG
natural gas, BD biodiesel, cellul. wood
grass.
14
Lifecycle GHG emissions from Light Duty Vehicles
(LDVs) (g/mi CO2-equivalent and changes)
Source M. Delucchi. Based on 26 mpg gasoline
baseline, U. S. year 2020 parameters.
15
Lifecycle GHG emissions from Heavy Duty Vehicles
(HDVs) (g/mi CO2-equivalent and changes)
Source M. Delucchi. Based on 3 mpg gasoline
baseline, U. S. year 2020 parameters.
16
Assessing energy system efficiencies Case study
Fuel cell vehicle
Main issue with hydrogen It is an energy
carrier not an energy source,
which means that it
has to be generated first. Another issue with
hydrogen It has high gross calorific value (142
MJ / kg),
but very low energy to volume ratio
(1/4
that of petroleum, 1/3 that of natural gas).
17
Assessing energy system efficiencies Case study
Fuel cell vehicle
1) Hydrogen is generated by a reformer
2) Fuel cell converts hydrogen into
electricity 3) Electricity powers electric motor
18
(No Transcript)
19
Assessing energy system efficiencies Case study
Fuel cell vehicle
Heat
H2O2
CO2
Heat
Heat
Heat
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Reformer
Fuel cell
Electricmotor
H2
Pressure
H source
Conversion Efficiency 0.6 0.85 x
0.5 0.6 x 0.8
0.24 0.41
Missing Hydrogen compression 0.9 Regenerative
braking 1.1
20
Assessing energy system efficiencies Case study
Fuel cell vehicle
21
Assessing energy system efficiencies Case study
Fuel cell vehicle
Electric vehicle (well-to-wheel efficiency,
electricity from fossil fuel)
Power plant
Battery
Electricmotor
Transmission
0.33 0.55 x 0.93 x
0.8 x 0.8
0.2 0.33
Electric vehicle (electricity from solar energy)
Battery
Electricmotor
Transmission
0.93 x 0.8 x
0.8 0.6
Fuel cell vehicle (hydrogen from electrolysis,
electricity from solar energy)
Fuel cell
Electricmotor
Transmission
Compression
0.9 x 0.86 x
0.5 x 0.8
0.31
22
Reading for Wednesday, 3 AprilChapter 2 in
Energy Science, Policy and the Pursuit of
SustainabilityFuture World Energy Needs and
ResourcesChapter 5 from L R Radovic Energy
and Fuels in SocietyEnergy Supply and Demand
pdf of second reading available on course
website http//www.bren.ucsb.edu/academics/course
.asp?number288
23
Energy Conversion Efficiencies
Converted energy form
Initial energy form
Electric
Thermal
Kinetic
Chemical
Radiant
Brake drum 100
Generator 95-99
Kinetic
Water turbine 86
Gravitational
Electric motor 65-93
Storage battery 72
Heating coil 100
Lamp incandescant 5-8 flourescent 25-30
Electric
Solar furnace 100
Solar cell 15-27
Photosynthesis 0.6
Radiant
Furnace of steam boiler 85-88
Dry cell battery 91
Chemical
Muscle 45
Steam turbine 40-47
Thermal
24
Assessing energy system efficiencies
Example Residential lighting (from fossil fuel
based electricity production)
Primary Energy Carrier
Conversion device
Conversion device
Conversion device
Useful output
Extraction Refining Transport
Boiler (chemical to thermal)
Turbine (thermal tomechanical)
Generator (mechanicalto electrical)
Electricity
Chemicalenergy In fuel
Conversion Efficiencies 0.9 x
0.88 x 0.43 x
0.98 0.33
Transmission
Lamp
Light
Electricity
Conversion Efficiencies 0.33
x 0.93 x 0.08
0.025
25
Assessing energy system efficiencies
Example 1 Residential lighting (from fossil fuel
based electricity production)

• The total system conversion efficiency is 2.5
  (fossil fuel into visible light).
• The conversion efficiency for fossil fuel based
  residential electricity is about 31.
• Every MJ of residential electricity thus
  requires 3.23 MJ from fossil fuel.
• During 24 hours a 100W bulb requires 8.64 MJ of
  electricity (final energy form).
• The 100W light bulb therefore requires 28 MJ
  stored in fossil fuel (primary energy).
• This roughly equivalent to 1.1kg of hard coal
  (net calorific value 25MJ/kg).

Example 2 Power supply without load (connected
to coal based electricity)

• Every MJ of residential electricity requires
  3.23 MJ from fossil fuel.
• Most current power supplies use about 2W when
  connected without load.
• There are currently over 3 billion power
  supplies in operation in the US.
• Lets assume that 10 of all power supplies are
  connected all the time.
• Lets assume that these power supplies are
  without load 80 of the time.
• Question How much hard coal is needed per year
  to generate the required energy?

26
Which environmental constraint will impact car
use first - the environment as source of
resources or as sink for emissions?
Need Access
Mobility
CO2 CO NOX PM VOC Pb
Crude oil Iron ore Bauxite Etc.
Transportation
Cars
Anthroposphere
Ecosphere
Hubberts Peak Geophysicist M. King Hubbert
predicted in 1956 that U.S. oil production would
reach its highest level in the early 1970s.
Though roundly criticized by oil experts and
economists, Hubbert's prediction came true in
1970.
27
Transportation and the environment big success?
Lead emissions in the US
Source US EPA (1997) Latest Findings on National
Air Quality 1997 Status and Trends
28
Transportation and the environment small
success?
VOC emissions in the US
Carbon monoxide emissions in the US
Source US EPA (1997) Latest Findings on National
Air Quality 1997 Status and Trends
29
Transportation and the environment no progress?
Nitrogen oxide emissions in the US
PM-10 emissions in the US
Source US EPA (1997) Latest Findings on National
Air Quality 1997 Status and Trends
30
Transportation and the environment or failure?
CO2 Emissions from Energy Consumption by Sector
in the US (in million metric tonnes)
Source EIA (2004) Annual Energy Outlook 2004
Source EIA (2003) Annual Energy Review 2002