CERAMICS

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King Fahd University of Petroleum
Minerals Mechanical Engineering Department ME 205
0102 MATERIALS SCIENCE Fall Semester
2006-2007 (061) Instructor Mr. Muhammad
Younas Office 22-206 Phone 3049
Office Hours SMW ( 900-950 AM ) UT (
1100-1150 AM ) E-mail
myounasa_at_kfupm.edu.sa
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Textbook Callister, W.D., Materials
Science and Engineering 6th Ed.,
2003
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Lecture Schedule
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Grading Policy 1) Home works 05 2)
Quizzes 10 3) Lab. Work 15 4) Exam
1 15 5) Exam 2 20 6) Final Exam
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CLASS ATTENDANCE
Attendance in the class will be strictly observed
starting first day of classes. IN CASE OF AN
UNEXCUSED ABSENCE, 0.5 POINT WILL BE DEDUCTED
FROM FINAL GRADE. A DN grade will be immediately
reported for SIX (6) unexcused absences. A DN
grade will be immediately reported if both
unexcused and excused absences reach TEN (10)
absences.
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Materials Science and Engineering

• Material Science
• Involves investigating the relationships that
  exist between the structures and properties of
  materials.
• Materials Engineering
• On the basis of structure-property correlations,
  involves designing or engineering the structure
  of a material to produce a predetermined set of
  properties.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• The structure of a material usually relates to
  the arrangement of its internal components.
• Subatomic structure involves electrons within the
  individual atoms and interactions with their
  nuclei.
• On an atomic level, structure encompasses the
  organization of atoms or molecules relative to
  one another.
• Microscopic structure contains large groups of
  atoms that are normally agglomerated together and
  subject to direct observation using some type of
  microscope.
• Macroscopic structure meaning structural elements
  that may be viewed with naked eye.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• Property is a material trait in terms of the kind
  and magnitude of response to a specified imposed
  stimulus. It is independent of shape and size.
• Six categories of material properties
• Mechanical properties relate deformation to an
  applied load or force examples include elastic
  modulus and strength.
• For electrical properties, such as electrical
  conductivity and dielectric constant, the
  stimulus is an electric field.
• The thermal behavior can be represented in terms
  of heat capacity and thermal conductivity.
• Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a
  material to the application of a magnetic field.
• For optical properties, the stimulus is
  electromagnetic or light radiation index of
  refraction and reflectivity are representative
  optical properties.
• Deteriorative characteristics indicate the
  chemical reactivity of materials.

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Materials Science and Engineering (Contd.)

• Four components involved in the science and
  engineering of materials, and their
  interrelationship
• Processing gt Structure gt Properties gt
  Performance

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Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

• Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether
  mechanical, civil, electrical, or electrical,
  will at one time or another be exposed to a
  design problem involving materials.
• Examples gear, building, oil refinery component,
  or an integrated circuit chip.
• Selection considerations
• 1. The in-service conditions must be
  characterized, for this will dictate the
  properties required of the material.
• 2. Any deterioration of material properties
  that may occur during service operation. For
  example, significant reductions in mechanical
  strength may result from exposure to elevated
  temperatures or corrosive environment.
• 3. Economics A material may be found that has
  the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively
  expensive.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
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Major Classes Of Materials

• 1.   METALS
• 2.   CERAMICS
• 3.   POLYMERS
• 4.   COMPOSITES
• 5.   ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
• 6. BIO MATERIALS

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BASIS OF MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS

• Chemical Makeup
• Atomic Bonding
• Atomic Arrangement
• Characteristic Physical Properties
• Characteristic Mechanical Properties

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METALS

• Distinguishing Features
• o      Atoms arranged in a regular repeating
  manner.
• o      Relatively High Strength.
• o      High Density.
• o      Ductile.
• o      Excellent conductors of Electricity and
  Heat.
• o      Opaque to visible light.
• o      Shiny appearance.

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APPLICATIONS OF METALS

• Electrical wiring
• Buildings, Structures, Bridges etc.
• Automobiles body, chassis, engine block,
  springs, etc.
• Air planes engines, fuselage (airplane body),
  landing gears, etc.
• Trains rails, engines, body, wheels
• Machines
• Machine tools drills, hammers, saw blades, nuts,
  bolts, etc.
• Industrial Plant components, structures
• Magnets

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METALLIC MATERIAL EXAMPLES

• Pure Metals
• Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, Ag, Au, Cr, Ni, Sn, etc
• Alloys
• Steel, Brass, Stainless Steels, etc.

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CERAMICS

• Distinguishing Features
• Most have a regular arrangement of atoms (except
  glasses)
• Compounds of Metallic and Non-Metallic elements
• Density lower than Metals
• Stronger than Metals
• Low resistance to Fracture
• Brittle (low ductility)
• High Melting Points
• Poor Conductors of Electricity and Heat

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APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS

• Electrical Insulators
• Thermal Insulations and Coatings
• Abrasives
• Glasses (windows, TV screens, Optical fibers
• Cement, Concrete
• Ceramic tiles for space shuttles
• Furnace Lining bricks

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CERAMIC MATERIAL EXAMPLES

• Diamond, Graphite
• Glasses
• Building Materials
• Oxides (SiO2, Al2O3)
• Carbide Tools (WC, TiC)

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POLYMERS

• Distinguishing Feature
• Composed Primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
• Low Melting Points
• Some partly crystalline, Most are not
• Most are poor conductors of Electricity and Heat
• Many have high plasticity
• Some are transparent, most are opaque

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APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS

• Adhesives and Glues
• Plastic products (plastic pipes, bottles, house
  hold utensils, etc.)
• Coatings and Paints
• Solid Lubricants (Teflon)
• Rubber Products (gaskets, seals, and o-rings)
• Clothing and furniture coverings (leather, nylon)

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EXAMPLES OF POLYMER MATERIALS

• PVC (Poly Vinyl Chlorides)
• PE (Poly ethylene)
• PC (Poly Carbonates)
• Teflon
• Nylon

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COMPOSITES

• Distinguishing Features
• Composed of Two or More Different Materials
• Strong, Light weight, Good resistance to fracture
• High stiffness and good deformability
• Collection of good Properties of each material
  used

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APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• Aerospace, Marine, Automotive
• Sporting Goods
• Storage Tanks (water, fuel, chemicals)
• Transport Piping (oil, seawater, sewage)

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EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

• PMCs (polymer matrix composites)
• Fiber Glass, Concrete)
• MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites)
• CMCs (Ceramic Matrix Composites)

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The bridge in the picture is built entirely from
composite material. Weighs one-tenth of the
conventional concrete bridge. It took only 18
hours to assemble the bridge.
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MATERIALS OF FUTURE

• SMART MATERIALS
• Shape Memory Alloys
• Piezoelectric ceramics
• MEMS (Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems)
• NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Materials by design
• Carbon Nanotubes (500 atom diameters)