How Much Wood Do We Use

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How Much Wood Do We Use?
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Forest Statistics
Central Appalachians
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Forest Land Area and Percentage

1 Thousands of Acres
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Forest Industry to PFL
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Private Forest Landowners and Acres
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Forest History
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Stand Development
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Stand Development
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1927
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1928
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1937
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1947
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1958
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1968
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1978
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1988
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1998
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Diameter to Age by Species
15 10 5
Red Oak
D I A M E T E R
Black Birch
Red Maple
0 20 40 60
STAND AGE
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Height to Age by Species
75 50 25
Red Oak
H E I G H T
Black Birch
Red Maple
0 20 40 60
STAND AGE
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Silviculture

• The theory (science) and practice (art) of
  controlling forest establishment, composition,
  structure, and growth

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Forests Function as Systems
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Silvicultural Harvests Focus on
Residual Stand Future Stand
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Cutting

• Removes Competition
• Controls Light
• Redistributes Growth
• Controls Species Composition
• Meets Objectives
• Produces Income (not necessarily money)

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Thinning

• Crown
• Placement
• Species
• Condition
• Quality
• Density
• Redistribute
• Annual Growth

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Single Species Thinning
N U M B E R O F T R E E S
Diameter Before Cutting
Diameter After Cutting
DIAMETER
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N U M B E R O F T R E E S
All Species
Sugar Maple
White Ash
Black Cherry
DIAMETER
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Mixed Species Thinning
N U M B E R O F T R E E S
All Species
Sugar Maple
White Ash
Black Cherry
DIAMETER
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High-Grading
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12 Inch Diameter Cut
N U M B E R O F T R E E S
All Species
White Ash
Sugar Maple
Black Cherry
DIAMETER
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High-Grading Reduces Options
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1937
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Regeneration Systems

• Uneven-aged
• Single Tree Selection
• Group Selection
• Even-aged
• Seed Tree
• Shelterwood
• Clearcut

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Clearcut
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Silvicultural Harvests Focus on

• Residual Stand What are you leaving?
• Future Stand What are you providing?

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PAs Forest History

• Period of Exploitation
• 1880 to 1920
• 1.6 to 2.0 Billion Board Feet
• White-tailed Deer nearly extirpated
• Environmental Conditions
• 1954 to 2004
• 1954 513 Million Board Feet
• 1964 595 Million Board Feet
• 1978 771 Million Board Feet
• 1989 1.1 Billion Board Feet
• 2004 A Good Question

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The Year 2004 Lets Speculate

• 1.6 Billion Board Feet annually
• 17 Million Acres of Timberland
• Cut per Entry
• 2,000 Board Feet
• 3,000 Board Feet
• 4,000 Board Feet

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How Much Are We Cutting?

• Total Annual Cut Acres Cut / Year
• Volume / Acre Cut
• 1.6 Billion BF _at_ 2,000 BF/A Acres/Year
• 1.6 Billion BF _at_ 3,000 BF/A Acres/Year
• 1.6 Billion BF _at_ 4,000 BF/A Acres/Year

800,000
533,333
400,000
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Years to Enter All Stands

• Total Forest Area Years
• Acres Cut / Year
• 17 Million A _at_ 800,000 A / YR Years
• 17 Million A _at_ 533,333 A / YR Years
• 17 Million A _at_ 400,000 A / YR Years

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Timber Harvesting Assessment Project (THAP)
Findings

If and to what extent is harvesting affecting
timber sustainability?
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Assessment Variables

• Species - proportion desired for timber
• Quality - potential of residuals as sawlogs
• DBH distribution - stand shifts
• Regeneration - amt., size, species, deer,
  cutting intensity, interfering plants
• Tree damage - residual stem and crown
• Site disturbance - amt., use of erosion and
  sedimentation practices

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Harvests with DesirableResidual
Conditions(Species, Quality, Stocking)

New York (62 Harvests) 20 West Virginia (99
Harvests) 27 Pennsylvania (85 Harvests) 48
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Declining Productive Forest Base
ACRES
YEARS
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Sustainability Model
VBA
VBA
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
VBA
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Supply
Loggers
VBA
VBA
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Sustainability Model
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Supply
Loggers
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Sustainability Model
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Supply
Loggers
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Sustainability Model
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Loggers
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Sustainability Model
Education Incentives Taxes
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Loggers
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Sustainability Model
Market Demand
Price
Foresters
R E G U L A T I O N
PFLs
Primary Manf.
Wood Prod
Sustainable Forestry
Loggers
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A Tale of Two Fisheries1

• Right now, my only incentive is to go out and
  kill as many fish as I can. I have no incentive
  to conserve the fishery, because any fish I leave
  is just going to be picked by the next guy.
• 1The New York Times Magazine, August 27, 2000

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Foresters
Sustainable Forests
Forest Landowners
Primary Manufacturers
Loggers
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How should we act to achieve these desired
conditions?