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Fighting Weeds in Turf and Ornamentals

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Title: Fighting Weeds in Turf and Ornamentals


1
Fighting Weeds in Turf and Ornamentals
  • Barry J. Brecke
  • Weed Scientist
  • University of Florida

2
Know Your Enemy
3
Weed
  • A plant growing where it is not wanted
  • A plant out of place
  • bermudagrass
  • sports turf - great!
  • Floratam sod production - no sale!
  • Ornamental bed - no fun!

4
Why worry about weed I.D.?
  • The correct identification of weeds is the first
    step in the implementation of a successful weed
    control program.
  • Weeds are often indicators of an underlying
    problem.

5
Weed IdentificationWeeds as Indicators
  • Indicator Weed(s)
  • Red Sorrel
  • Plantains
  • Prostrate Spurge, Black Medic, Knotweed,
    Woodsorrel, Lespedeza, Bracted Plantain
  • Sedges, Poa annua, Moss, Algae, Alligatorweed,
    Goosegrass
  • Condition
  • Low Soil pH
  • High Soil pH
  • Droughty Soils
  • Wet Soils (overwatering)

6
Weed IdentificationWeeds as Indicators
  • Condition
  • Sandy soil
  • High Nematodes
  • Low mowing ht.
  • Compacted soil
  • Low Soil N
  • High Soil N
  • Indicator Weed(s)
  • Poorjoe, Sandspur
  • Spurges, Pusley, Knotweed
  • Algae, Poa annua, Chickweed
  • Goosegrass, Poa annua, Knotweed,
  • Legumes
  • Poa annua, Chickweed, Moss

7
Types of Weeds
  • Broadleaf
  • Net venation, opposite, alternate or whorled
    leaves, showy flowers.
  • Grasses
  • Parallel venation, alternate or 2-ranked leaves,
    rounded or flattened stems.
  • Monocots (sedges, garlic)
  • Parallel venation, 3-ranked leaves, triangular
    stems

8
Annuals live one year and reproduce by seed.
  • Summer Annuals
  • Germinate in spring.
  • Produce seeds in late summer or early fall.
  • Die in fall.
  • Winter Annuals
  • Germinate fall through late winter.
  • Flower and produce seed in late winter or early
    spring.
  • Die in late spring or early summer.

9
Biennials live two years.
  • 1st year vegetative growth
  • 2nd year flowers and dies.

Flower - reproductive stage
Musk thistle rosette - vegetative stage
10
Perennials
  • Live more than two years
  • Reproduce by seeds, stolons, rhizome, corms,
    bulbs, tubers

garlic onion
purple nutsedge tuber
11
Weed Management Strategy
  • Diagnose problem
  • Evaluate control methods
  • Select program
  • Execute program
  • Evaluate

12
Integrated Weed Management
  • Preventive
  • Cultural
  • Biological
  • Mechanical
  • Herbicides

13
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14
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15
Ornamentals
  • Initial practices should be preventative
  • Remove sources of weed seed prior to bed
    establishment
  • Eliminate perennial weeds
  • Areas surrounding production sites should be
    mowed and maintained free of weeds

16
Ornamentals
  • All mulches, media, containers, and pant stock
    introduced into production system should be
    weed-free.
  • Maintain ornamentals in a healthy condition to be
    more competitive

17
Ornamental Weed Control Options
  • Hand-removal, hoeing
  • Mulches
  • Landscape fabrics
  • Herbicides

18
Ornamentals
  • Cultivation and Hand Pulling
  • Can damage ornamentals shallow rooted ornamentals
  • Spread perennials
  • Hand weeding - often preferred method even though
    expensive and time consuming

19
Ornamentals
  • Cultivation
  • Hand-weeding - high cost, labor intensive
  • Not feasible as only means of control
  • With certain pant materials, new plantings,
    herbicide use not possible

20
Mechanical Control
Hand Pulling and Hoeing
  • Best control with small weeds lt4 inches
  • Must understand how the weed develops (annuals
    vs. perennials)

21
Hand Weed Control
Advantages Disadvantages
  • keeps you in shape repetition is a must
  • environmentally friendly can stimulate
    germination
  • controls most weeds must be timely

22
Mechanical Control
Tillage
  • Controls many weeds that have emerged
  • Incorporate fertilizers, lime
  • Prepares seed or plant beds

23
Tillage Practices
Advantages Disadvantages
  • control most weeds expensive??
  • quick and easy cant get too close to
    ornamental plants root pruning

24
Mulches
  • Plastic or fabric thickness affects the degree of
    weed suppression.
  • Clear and colored plastics that allow light
    penetration produce high temperatures in the
    upper surface.
  • This build up of heat, solarization, kills
    germinating weed seeds.

25
Organic Mulches
  • Straw, wood chips, pine straw, sawdust,
    newsprint, and other organic materials.
  • These mulches also shade and physically hinder
    germinating seedlings

26
Organic Mulches
  • Coarse texture better than fine
  • Texture more important than type
  • 2 to 4 inch depth
  • Renew as needed
  • Nothing is permanent!

27
Landscape Fabrics
  • Expensive
  • Very good option for homeowners
  • Use high quality, non-woven, fused fabric
  • Properly mulch

28
Mulches
Advantages Disadvantages
  • control most weeds expensive??
  • good use of waste handling is often
  • materials a pain
  • Conserves water

29
HERBICIDES
30
Ornamental Preemergence Herbicides
  • Products labeled for various species
  • Irrigate-in if possible (1/2 inch) within 7 days
    for preemergence herbicides
  • Do not apply to wet foliage
  • Match weeds to specific products
  • Use fall spring applications
  • Rotate products if possible

31
How Long do Pres Provide Control?
  • Most pres start to break about 60 days after
    application
  • Repeat applications are generally needed in the
    humid south for full season control
  • Apply second treatment about 60 days after the
    first application

32
Weed seeds germinate and are controlled as they
come in contact with the herbicide.
Herbicide layer
Turfgrass roots of established turf below the
herbicide layer
Preemergence herbicides do not prevent weed seeds
from germinating.
33
Reasons for Preemergence Herbicide Failure
  • Applying after weeds have germinated.
  • Failure to water in with at least 0.25 to 0.5
    inches of rainfall or irrigation.
  • Gaps in the herbicide barrier.

34
Ornamental Herbicides
  • Annual grass control available
  • Preemergence and postemergence
  • Pre and Post broadleaf weed control is difficult
  • Use post graminicides for perennial grass control
  • Vines, woody plant control is exceedingly
    difficult

35
HerbicidesPreemergence Grass Control(dinitroanil
ine)
  • Surflan (oryzalin)
  • Causes girdling of some conifer species
  • Treflan (trifluralin)
  • Needs to be incorporated or covered with mulch
  • Factor (prodiamine)
  • Pendulum (pendimethalin)

36
HerbicidesPreemergence Grass Control
  • Devrinol (napropamide)
  • Safe on many woody plants
  • Not as effective for broadleaf control as others
  • Pennant Magnum (metolachlor)
  • Granular formulation safe to apply to many
    species if foliage dry

37
Herbicides Preemergence - Broadleaf Control
  • Princep (simazine)
  • most widely used preemergence herbicide for
    broadleaf control in woody nursery stock
  • several species, especially herbaceous
    ornamentals are injured

38
Herbicides
  • Ronstar (oxadiazon)
  • Granular formulation has safety on broad range of
    woody plants
  • Often mixed with Devrinol to broaden range of
    control

39
Herbicides
  • Goal (oxyfluorfen)
  • Dormant or hardened conifers
  • Granular formulation can cause damage if applied
    to wet foliage
  • Often applied as directed spray

40
Herbicides
  • Gallery (isoxaben)
  • excellent control of broadleaves
  • often mixed with dinitroaniline to broaden
    spectrum of control
  • some species susceptible
  • expensive

41
HerbicidesGranular Preemergence Combinations
  • Rout (oxyfluorfen oryzalin)
  • One of standards in ornamental industry
  • Excellent broad spectrum control
  • OH2 (oxyfluorfen pendimethalin)
  • Another standard treatment

42
HerbicidesGranular Preemergence Combinations
  • OO-Herbicide (oxyfluorfen oxadiazon)
  • Excellent broad spectrum control
  • Do not apply to wet foliage

43
HerbicidesGranular Preemergence Combinations
  • XL (benefin oryzalin)
  • Not much improvement over Surflan alone but
    easier to apply
  • Derby (simazine metolachlor)
  • Limited by potential damage from simazine

44
HerbicidesGranular Preemergence Combinations
  • Snapshot DF (isoxaben oryzalin)
  • Excellent control of most weeds found in
    container nurseries
  • Snapshot TG (isoxaben trifluralin)
  • Controls broad range of grasses and broadleaves

45
Integrated Weed Management
  • Integrating preventive, mechanical (mulches,
    fabrics), cultural and chemical methods is
    usually the most effective method of managing
    weeds in ornamentals.

46
Florida betony
47
Florida Betony - Stachys floridana
  • Labitae (mint family)
  • Rattlesnake weed
  • perennial
  • reproduces primarily by tubers
  • opposite, serrated leaves
  • occurs in turf and ornamentals

48
Florida Betony Control
  • Roundup, Finale
  • Casoron applied in winter
  • Use landscape fabric in ornamentals

49
Chamberbitter, niruri, gripeweed
50
Chamberbitter - Phyllanthus niruri
  • Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)
  • niruri, gripeweed, leafflower
  • summer annual, reproduces by seed
  • alternate leaves, numerous leaflets
  • inconspicuous flowers
  • stalkless green, round fruit
  • no milky juice

51
Longstalked Phyllanthus
52
Longstalked Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus tenellus)
  • Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)
  • summer annual, reproduces by seed
  • alternate leaves, numerous leaflets
  • inconspicuous flowers
  • stalked green, round fruit
  • no milky juice

53
Phyllanthus spp. - Control
  • Use mulch
  • Apply early spring

54
Phyllanthus spp. Preemergence Control
  • Ronstar (not labeled for use in home landscapes)
  • Rout (OHII - slightly less effective)
  • Surflan Gallery (Snapshot TG - less effective)
  • Prodiamine (Factor, Endurance, Barricade)
  • Gallery

55
Phyllanthus spp. Postemergence Control
  • Roundup Pro
  • Finale
  • Reward LS

56
Phyllanthus spp. Ineffective Herbicides
  • Basagran T/O
  • Image
  • MSMA
  • Pennant
  • Pendimethalin
  • Balan

57
Sedge Herbicides -Ornamentals
  • Basagran T/O - yellow, annual sedges
  • Manage - yellow, purple, annual sedges
  • Image - yellow, purple, annual sedges
  • Pennant - yellow, annual sedges
  • Preemergence only

58
Herbicides Selective Postemergence Broadleaf
Control
  • Basagran T/O (bentazon)
  • Directed application with some over-the-top on
    some species
  • Goal (oxyfluorfen)
  • Directed applications

59
Herbicides PRE and POST Broadleaf
  • SureGuard or BroadStar (flumioxazin)
  • Controls many problem broadleaf annual weeds

60
Herbicides Postemergence Grass Control
  • Vantage (sethoxydim)
  • Broad range of safety on ornamentals
  • Fusilade II, (fluazifop)

61
HerbicidesNon-Selective
  • Roundup (glyphosate)
  • Finale (glufosinate)
  • Scythe (pelargonic acid)
  • Reward (diquat)

62
Ornamental Weed Management
  • Summary
  • Weed management systems are diverse
  • Combinations of mechanical and chemical
    strategies
  • Herbicides often provide cost effective weed
    control
  • Care must be taken to select herbicides which can
    be used safely, without damage to ornamentals.

63
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64
Turfgrass Weed Management
65
A Healthy Turf Is The Best Defense Against
Weeds!!!
66
Weed ManagementInvolves an Integrated Approach
  • Follow Proper Cultural Practices
  • Proper Weed Identification
  • Prevention of Weed Introduction
  • If Needed, Use Herbicides

67
Cultural PracticesWeeds love voidsWeeds Do Not
Cause Voids
68
Cultural PracticesCultural Practices are Highly
Interrelated
  • Fertilization
  • Irrigation
  • Mowing
  • Cultivation
  • verticutting
  • aeration

69
Crabgrass Goosegrass Control
  • Numerous herbicides available, but it is
    important to select one that provides consistent
    control.

Brand Name Chemical Name Dimension dithiopyr
Pendulum/PRE-M pendimethalin Ronstar oxadi
azon Balan benefin Surflan oryzalin XL
benefin oryzalin Team trifluralin
oryzalin Barricade prodiamine
70
Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass
  • Evaluation of POST herbicides on weed control in
    turfgrasses in Florida.
  • 80 commercially acceptable.

TREATMENT 4 DAT 10 WAT MSMA 75 100 Se
ncor 35 70 Illoxan 15 85 Dimension
20 85 Drive (quinclorac) 80 95
71
Crabgrass Goosegrass Control in St.
Augustinegrass
  • PRE herbicides

Brand Name Chemical Name Balan 2.5G
Benefin Team Benefin Trifluralin Betasan,
Pre-San Bensulide Dimension
Dithiopyr Surflan Oryzalin XL2G Oryzalin
Benefin Ronstar Oxadiazon PRE-M,
Pendulum Pendimethalin Barricade
Prodiamine Atrazine/Simazine
72
Crabgrass Goosegrass Control in St.
Augustinegrass
  • POST herbicides

None
73
Asulox
74
Crabgrass Goosegrass Control in Centipedegrass
  • PRE herbicides

Brand Name Chemical Name Balan 2.5G
Benefin Team Benefin Trifluralin Betasan,
Pre-San Bensulide Dimension Dithiopyr
Surflan Oryzalin XL2G Oryzalin
Benefin PRE-M, Pendulum Pendimethalin Barricad
e Prodiamine Atrazine/Simazine
75
Crabgrass Goosegrass Control in Centipedegrass
  • POST herbicides

TREATMENT Atrazine/Simazine Vantage
(Sethoxydim)
76
Purple Nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus L.)
  • Rapidly spreading perennial with triangular stem.
  • Leaves, abruptly tapering at tip, boat shaped.
  • Seedhead purplish to reddish brown
  • Tubers oblong, covered with hairs, and found in
    chains.
  • Tubers bitter to taste (camphor).

77
Yellow Nutsedge(Cyperus esculentus L.)
  • Rapidly spreading, perennial with triangular
    stem.
  • Leaves with long attenuated, needle shaped tip.
  • Seedhead yellowish-brown or straw colored.
  • Tubers round, lacking hairs and formed at ends of
    whitish rhizomes.
  • Tubers sweet tasting.

78
Annual Kyllinga(Cyperus sesquiflorus (Torr.)
Mattf. Kuekenth.)
  • Annual
  • Seedhead with a single elongate-rounded,
    sometimes lobed head.
  • Three or four leaves at the top of a bare stem
    just below seedhead.

79
Green (Perennial) Kyllinga(Kyllinga brevifolius
Rottb.)
  • Mat-forming perennial that grows to 6" tall from
    rhizomes.
  • Leaves and stems, dark green.
  • Seedhead nearly round or oblong, usually has
    three short leaves just below.
  • Reproduces by seed and rhizomes.

80
Sedge Herbicides - Turfgrass
  • Postemergence
  • Basagran T/O - yellow, annual sedges
  • Manage - yellow, purple, annual sedges
  • MSMA/DSMA - yellow, purple, annual sedges
  • Image - yellow, purple, annual sedges
  • Monument - yellow, purple, kyllinga
  • Certainty yellow, purple, kyllinga
  • Preemergence
  • Pennant - yellow, annual sedges

81
Virginia Buttonweed(Diodia virginiana L.)
  • Spreading perennial with hairy branched stems.
  • Leaves lance-shaped, joined across the stem by
    membrane.
  • White tubular flowers with four lobes ateach
    leaf axil along stem.
  • Reproduces by seed, fleshy roots and stem
    fragments.
  • Favors moist to wet sites.

82
Virginia Buttonweed Control
  • Generally found in wet / overwatered sites -
    CORRECT THIS PROBLEM FIRST!
  • 2,4-D, Dicamba, MCPP, MCPA (Mixtures)
  • 2,4-D is most effective so use product with high
    2,4-D.
  • Repeat application 3-4 weeks.
  • Manor, Blade some activity
  • Quicksilver some activity
  • If only a few plants present hand remove,
    including below ground parts

83
Pennywort (Dollarweed)(Hydrocotyle spp.)
  • Perennial from rhizomes, occasionally with
    tubers.
  • Long-stalked leaves with scalloped margins and
    petiole in center of leaf, umbrella-like.
  • Flowers in elongated spikes.
  • Found in moist to wet sites.

84
Pennywort (Dollarweed) Control
  • Generally found in wet / overwatered sites -
    CORRECT THIS PROBLEM FIRST!
  • Multiple applications, 10 to 14 days apart.
  • Injury to turfgrass can be expected.

2,4-D, Dicamba, MCPP, MCPA (Mixtures) - DO NOT
use Dicamba under trees!!! Atrazine/Simazine -
Injury can be expected! 2 applications per year.
Prompt (Atrazine Bentazon) - Does not
control any grasses
85
Doveweed(Murdannia nudifolia (L.) Brenan)
  • Prostrate runner
  • Annual with fleshy, creeping stems, rooting at
    nodes.
  • Leaves fleshy, alternate, narrowly lanced-shaped.
  • Few hairs at base of leaf blade on margin
  • Tiny blue flowers
  • Seed in round capsules
  • Opportunistic

86
Doveweed Control
  • 2,4-D, Dicamba, MCPP, MCPA (Mixtures)
  • MSMA
  • Sencor MSMA
  • Atrazine/Simazine
  • applied twice 30 days apart
  • Prompt

87
Lawn Burweed (Spurweed)(Soliva pterosperma
(Juss.) Less.)
  • Low-growing, branched, winter annual.
  • Leaves divided into narrow segments or lobes.
  • Flowers small and inconspicuous.
  • Fruits clustered in leaf axils with sharp spines
    that can cause pain and injury to humans.

88
Lawn Burweed (Spurweed) Control
  • Key is to treat in fall when weeds are small
  • Preemergence
  • Atrazine/Simazine
  • Postemergence
  • Atrazine/Simazine
  • Prompt
  • Sencor
  • Trimec Southern
  • 2,4-D
  • Dicamba
  • MCPP

89
Residential TurfgrassRecent History
  • Products Lost
  • At least in Florida

90
Asulox
91
SpeedZone Southern
92
Lontrel
  • Lontrel is still labeled for most uses other than
    residential turf.

93
  • St Augustinegrass has been removed from Spotlight
    label
  • Tolerance issues

94
New Atrazine Regulations
95
Atrazine Label Restrictions(Now Restricted Use)
  • This product must not be mixed or loaded within
    50 feet of intermittent streams and rivers,
    natural or impounded lakes and reservoirs.
  • Product must not be applied within 66 feet of the
    points where field surface water runoff enters
    perennial or intermittent streams and rivers or
    within 200 feet of natural or impounded lakes and
    reservoirs.
  • Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand
    and loamy sand soils where the water table
    (ground water) is close to the surface and where
    these soils are very permeable, i.e.,
    well-drained.

96
Atrazine Label Restrictions(Now Restricted Use)
  • Users are advised not to apply atrazine to sand
    and loamy sand soils where the water table
    (ground water) is close to the surface and where
    these soils are very permeable, i.e.,
    well-drained.
  • Additional PPE requirements
  • Reduced use rates

97
Fewer Postemergence OptionsSt.
AugustinegrassGrass Control
  • No selective postemergence grass control
  • Only option Roundup and re-sod
  • Increase use of preemergence

98
Fewer Postemergence OptionsBroadleaf Control
  • Fewer options than five years ago
  • No new options on the immediate horizon

99
Any Bright Spots?
100
Certainty(sulfosulfuron)
  • Recently registered in turfgrass postemergence
  • Including St. Augustinegrass excellent
    tolerance
  • Monsanto product
  • Excellent nutsedge and kyllinga activity
  • No control of summer grasses
  • Broadleaf control??

101
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