PS 241, Week 1:

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PS 241, Week 1

• Understanding Underdevelopment (continued)

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Today

• Follow-up 1 feedback
• Follow-up 2 HDI
• Participation of women GEM
• An interesting pattern
• Sachs piece
• (begin Modernization Dependency)

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Feedback

• Notes in advance
• Movies
• Highlight important parts/topics provide
  guidance
• Study guide (exams)
• Discussion
• Topics left out (nation-building)

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Human Development Index (Wikipedia)

• HDI measures the average achievements in a
  country in three basic dimensions of human
  development
• (1) A long and healthy life, as measured by life
  expectancy at birth
• (2) Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy
  rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined
  primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment
  ratio (with one-third weight)
• (3) A decent standard of living, as measured by
  gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at
  purchasing power parity (PPP) in USD.

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Additional info

• Wikipedia, Human Development Index
• Human Development Reports of the United Nations
  Development Programme
• (Cuban mystery)

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Women and participation

• In many ways, men have been the agents and the
  beneficiaries of modernization, and women its
  victims.
• Significant exceptions (Indira Gandhi Isabel
  Perón Benazir Bhutto)
• But these women are hardly representative
• - Widows or daughters of national heroes
• - Privileged background (family ties, elite
  social status)

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GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure)

• A composite index measuring gender inequality in
  three basic dimensions of empowerment - economic
  participation and decision-making, political
  participation and decision-making and power over
  economic resources
• women in legislature
• female senior officials and managers
• female professional and technical workers
• ratio of female/male earned income

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Economic development, democracy, and
participation of women
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Sachs, The Development Challenge

• What is Sachs main point?
• US assistance for the worlds poorest countries
  is utterly inadequate (p. 3)
• Is Sachs argument persuasive? Why (or why not)?
• How do we evaluate his argument?

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A pragmatic argument for

• Make promises only if you intend to keep them
• Support for structural reforms should be a basic
  objective, not a side effect
• Prevention is cheaper than treatment
• Development aid as important as military
  spending for national security
• An opportunity for US to reassert its moral and
  political authority as a world leader

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Do we see a pattern?

• Five countries - Denmark, Luxembourg, The
  Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden have already met
  the goal (Sachs, p. 8)

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Human Development and the participation of women
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Apparently, there is a pattern

• The countries that have fulfilled their
  obligations under the Monterrey Consensus
• Are also the countries with the highest HDI and
  GEM rankings
• Finally, their peoples have the most
  post-modern values

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Ronald Ingleharts Theory of Modernization

• A revised version of modernization
• Economic development, cultural change, and
  political change are linked in coherent and even,
  to some extent, predictable patterns
• The process of economic development leads to two
  successive trajectories, Modernization and
  Postmodernization
• Social change is not linear advanced industrial
  societies have reached an inflection point and
  begun moving on a new trajectory

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Proof?

• Looking at survey data to map societies on a
  two-dimensional conceptual map
• (i) Traditional values vs. secular-rational
  values
• (ii) Survival vs. self-expression values
• (Use of factor analysis a statistical technique
  for identifying patterns in the data)

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Theories of Underdevelopment

• Modernization vs. Dependency

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Outline

• Modernization
• Dependency
• Discussion/assessment

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Modernization Theory

• Initially the dominant paradigm
• Origins demise of colonialism
• Post-colonial countries direction?
• Modernization becoming like the West
• How? Two tasks

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First task value change

• Traditional values
• Modern values
• (universalistic standards)

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Agents of value change
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Second task institutional change

• Modern political institutions
• Modern economic institutions

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Examplemodern bureaucracy

• Professionalization training
• Merit-based
• Decision-making uniform consistent standards

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Modernization value change institutional
change
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Critique Conflict Theory

• Modernization theory too optimistic?
• Do all good things go together?
• Conservative critique (Huntington)
• Authoritarianism a necessary evil?
• Reconciliation approach

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Cultural Change Reevaluation

• Modified version of modernization
• - traditional/modern contrast?
• - appeal of modern (Western) values?
• - reevaluation of traditional values

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Dependency Theory

• Challenged modernizations most fundamental
  assumptions
• Timing is important!
• Western influence?
• Modernization Western influence is beneficial
• Dependency Western influence is harmful

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Dependency

• World system core periphery
• Core advanced capitalist nations
• Periphery developing nations

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DependencyWestern influence

• Unequal core/periphery relationship
• Economic dependency
• Political dependency

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Dependency TheoryCaveats

• Evidence?
• Associated dependent development (F. H. Cardoso)
• Negative social consequences
• Negative political consequences

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A crucial test East Asia

• (East Asia the giraffe of dependency theory)
• Economic growth and even income distribution
• (also democratic, except Singapore)
• According to dependency theorists, East Asia did
  all the wrong things

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Current perspective

• No single theory of development
• Neither modernization, nor dependency
• Both useful, both limited
• Focus on more specific issues

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Modernization vs. Dependency
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Modernization vs. Dependency
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Modernization Dependency
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Modernization vs. Dependency
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Modernization vs. Dependency