Title: Workers Compensation Insurance Industry Overview Trends
1Workers Compensation Insurance Industry
OverviewTrends Challenges Amid theEconomic
Storm
- American Association of State Compensation
Insurance Funds (AASCIF) - Park City, UT
- August 20, 2008
Robert P. Hartwig, Ph.D., CPCU,
President Insurance Information Institute ? 110
William Street ? New York, NY 10038 Tel (212)
346-5520 ? Fax (212) 732-1916 ? bobh_at_iii.org ?
www.iii.org
2Presentation Outline
- Economic Factors Affecting Exposure in WC
- Economic Downturn and Inflation
- Overall P/C Insurance Industry Performance Cycles
- Profitability
- Underwriting
- Premium Growth Drivers
- Investment Performance
- Workers Comp Performance Review
- Underwriting performance
- Premium Drivers
- Frequency Severity Trends
- Predictive Modeling and Workers Comp
- Mega-Trends/Emerging Issues Affecting Workers
Comp - The Aging Workforce Returning Veterans
- The Obesity Epidemic Non-English Speaking Workers
- Other Trends Concerns
- QA
3THE ECONOMIC STORMWhat a Weakening Economy,
Rising Unemployment The Threat of Inflation
Mean for Workers Comp Insurers
4Real Annual GDP Growth, 2000-2009F
March 2001-November 2001 recession
Recession?
Red bars are actual Yellow bars are
forecasts Sources US Department of Commerce
(actual), Blue Economic Indicators 8/08
(forecasts).
5Real Quarterly GDP Growth, 2005-2009F
Oil price spike, Credit crunch, Soft Labor
Markets Recession?
Red bars are actual Yellow bars are
forecasts Sources US Department of Commerce
(actual), Blue Economic Indicators 8/08
(forecasts).
6Unemployment RateOn the Rise
January 2000 through June 2008
June 2008 unemployment jumped to 5.7, its
highest level since March 2004
Previous Peak 6.3 in June 2003
Trough 4.4 in March 2007
Unemployment will likely continue to approach 6
during this cycle, impacting payroll sensitive
p/c and non-life exposures
Average unemployment rate since 2000 is 5.0
Jun-08
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics Blue Chip
Economic Indicators
7U.S. Unemployment Rate,(2007Q1 to 2009Q4F)
Rising unemployment will erode payrolls and
workers comps exposure base
Blue bars are actual Yellow bars are
forecasts Sources US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blue Chip Economic Indicators (8/08) Insurance
Info. Inst.
8Total Private Employment Grew by25½ Million
Workers from 1991 to 2008
Millions
The US economy added 25.5 million jobs between
1991 and 2008, but job growth has recently
stagnated, impacted payrolls and the workers comp
exposure base
seasonally adjusted at mid-yearSource U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, at http//data.bls.gov
/cgi-bin/surveymost
9Average Weekly Real Earnings in Private
Employment Were Flat from 1999 to 2008
(at mid-year)
Constant 1982 dollars
Virtually all of the real wage growth occurred
between 1995 and 1999 and has now stagnated
Sources U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics I.I.I.
10Wage Salary Disbursements (Payroll Base) vs.
Workers Comp Net Written Premiums
Wage Salary Disbursement (Private Employment)
vs. WC NWP
Billions
Billions
7/90-3/91
3/01-11/01
Weakening wage and salary growth is expected to
cause a deceleration in workers comp exposure
growth
Shaded areas indicate recessions
Average of quarterly figures. Source US Bureau
of Economic Analysis Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Louis at http//research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/seri
es/WASCUR I.I.I. Fact Books
11Workplace Injury Incidence Rates Declined in Last
4 Economic Downturns
p Preliminary Source US Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), National Bureau
of Economic Research NCCI Frequency and
Severity Analysis
12New Private Housing Starts,1990-2014F (Millions
of Units)
Exposure growth forecast for HO insurers is dim
for 2008/09 Impacts also for comml. insurers with
construction risk exposure
New home starts plunged 34 from 2005-2007 Drop
through 2008 trough is 54 (est.)a net annual
decline of 1.11 million units
I.I.I. estimates that each incremental 100,000
decline in housing starts costs home insurers
87.5 million in new exposure (gross premium).
The net exposure loss in 2008 vs. 2005 is
estimated at 971 million.
Source US Department of Commerce Blue Chip
Economic Indicators (10/07), except 2008/09
figures from 8/08 edition of BCEF Insurance
Info. Institute
13Nonresidential Fixed Investment, 2003 2009F
(Billions of 2000 )
Nonresidential Fixed Investment ( Bill)
Sharp dip in business investment growth in
2007-2009 will slow commercial exposure growth
Nonresidential fixed investment consists of
structures, equipment and software. Sources US
Bureau of Economic Analysis (Historical), Blue
Chip Economic Indicators (7/08) for forecasts.
14Total Industrial Production,(2007Q1 to 2009Q4F)
Industrial production affects exposure both
directly and indirectly
Industrial production shrank during Q1 2008 and
is expected to shrink again in Q2, growing very
slowly thereafter
Sources US Bureau of Labor Statistics Blue Chip
Economic Indicators (7/08) Insurance Info. Inst.
15Inflation OverviewPressures Claim Costs via
Medical and Tort Channels
16Annual Inflation Rates(CPI-U, ), 1990-2009F
In July 2008, on a year-over-year basis inflation
was 5.6 -- a level not seen since 1991.
12-month change July 2008 vs. July 2007
Sources US Bureau of Labor Statistics Blue
Chip Economic Indicators, August 10, 2008.
(forecasts)
17Quarterly Inflation Rate (CPI-U), Change from
Prior Quarter, Annualized
Inflation is on the rise, but medical cost
inflation rises faster
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics Blue Chip
Economic Indicators, Aug. 10, 2008 Ins. Info.
Institute.
18Inflation Important Economic Risks and
Implications for Insurers
19Inflation Important Economic Risks and
Implications for Insurers (contd)
20Comparative 2007 Inflation Statistics Important
to Insurers ( )
Medical/Legal costs typically run well ahead of
inflation
CPI and Core CPI are not representative of many
of the costs insurers face
Core CPI is the Consumer Price Index for all
Urban Consumers (CPI-U) less food and energy
costs. Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics
Insurance Information Institute.
21Medical Tort Cost Inflation Amplifiers of
Inflation, Major Insurance Cost Driver
22Consumer Price Index for Medical Care vs. All
Items, 1960-2007
(Base 1982-84100)
- Inflation for Medical Care has been surging ahead
of general inflation (CPI) for 25 years. Since
1982-84, the cost of medical care has more than
tripled
Soaring medical inflation is among the most
serious long-term challenges facing casualty,
disability and LTC insurers
Source Department of Labor (Bureau of Labor
Statistics Insurance Information Institute.
23Tort Cost Growth Medical Cost Inflation vs.
Overall Inflation (CPI-U), 1961-2008
Tort System is an Inflation Amplifier Avg. Ann.
Change 1961-2008 Torts Costs 8.4 Med Costs
6.0 Overall Inflation 4.2
Tort costs move with inflation but at twice the
rate
Medical cost and CPI-U through April 2008 from
BLS. Tort figure is for full-year 2008 from
Tillinghast.
Sources US Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Tillinghast-Towers Perrin, 2007 Update on U.S.
Tort Costs Insurance Info. Inst.
24PROFITABILITYIn the Midstof a Cyclical Decline
25Real GDP Growth vs. Real P/C Premium Growth
Modest Association
P/C insurance industrys growth is influenced
modestly by growth in the overall economy
Sources A.M. Best, US Bureau of Economic
Analysis, Blue Chip Economic Indicators, 8/08
Insurance Information Inst.
26P/C Net Income After Taxes1991-2008 ( Millions)
- 2001 ROE -1.2
- 2002 ROE 2.2
- 2003 ROE 8.9
- 2004 ROE 9.4
- 2005 ROE 9.6
- 2006 ROE 12.2
- 2007 ROAS1 12.3
- 2008 ROAS 6.4
Insurer profits peaked in 2006
ROE figures are GAAP 2008 figure is annualized
Q1 net income of 8.234B 1Return on avg.
surplus. Sources A.M. Best, ISO, Insurance
Information Inst. 9.5 excl. mortgage and
finl. guarantee insurers.
27ROE P/C vs. All Industries 19872008Q1
P/C profitability is cyclical and volatile
Mortgage Financial Guarantee Impact
Sept. 11
Hugo
Lowest CAT losses in 15 years
Katrina, Rita, Wilma
Andrew
Northridge
4 Hurricanes
2008 P/C insurer figure is annualized Q1 return
on average surplus. Excluding mortgage and
financial guarantee insurers 9.5. Source
ISO, Fortune Insurance Information Institute.
28Profitability Peaks Troughs in the P/C
Insurance Industry,1975 2008Q1
197719.0
198717.3
200612.2
10 Years
199711.6
10 Years
9 Years
2008Q1 6.4 (9.5 excl. MFG)
2001 -1.2
1975 2.4
1984 1.8
1992 4.5
GAAP ROE for all years except 2007 which is ROAS
of 12.3. All figures include mortgage an d
financial guarantee insurers. Excluding MFG
insurers 2008Q1 ROAS is 9.5.. Source
Insurance Information Institute, ISO Fortune
29ROE vs. Equity Cost of CapitalUS P/C
Insurance1991-2008Q1
The p/c insurance industry achieved its cost of
capital in 2005/6 for the first time in many years
2.3 pts
-1.3 pts
-1.7 pts
-9.0 pts
-13.2 pts
US P/C insurers missed their cost of capital by
an average 6.7 points from 1991 to 2002, but on
target or better 2003-07
The cost of capital is the rate of return
insurers need to attract and retain capital to
the business
Excludes mortgage and financial guarantee
insurers. Source The Geneva Association, Ins.
Information Inst.
30Factors that Will Influence theLength and Depth
of the Cycle
- Capacity Rapid surplus growth in recent years
has left the industry with between 85 billion
and 100 billion in excess capital, according to
analysts, at end of 2007 - All else equal, rising capital leads to greater
price competition and a liberalization of terms
and conditions - Reserves Reserves are in the best shape (in
terms of adequacy) in decades, which could extend
the depth and length of the cycle - Investment Gains With sharp declines in stock
prices and falling interest rates, portfolio
yields are certain to fall?Contributes to
discipline and shallower cycle - Sarbanes-Oxley Presumably SOX will lead to
better and more conservative management of
company finances, including rapid recognition of
deficient or redundant reserves - With more eyes on the industry, the theory is
that cyclical swings should shrink - Ratings Agencies Focus on Cycle Management
Quicker to downgrade - Information Systems Management has more and
better tools that allow faster adjustments to
price, underwriting and changing market
conditions than it had during previous soft
markets - Analysts/Investors Less fixated on growth, more
on ROE through soft mkt. - Management has backing of investors of Wall
Street to remain disciplined - MA Activity More consolidatio would imply
greater discipline
Source Insurance Information Institute.
31P/C Insurance Industry Combined Ratio,
2001-2008Q1
Including Mortgage Fin. Guarantee insurers
As recently as 2001, insurers paid out nearly
1.16 for every 1 in earned premiums
Relatively low CAT losses, reserve releases
2005 ratio benefited from heavy use of
reinsurance which lowered net losses
Best combined ratio since 1949 (87.6)
Excluding Mortgage Fin. Guarantee insurers
Excluding Mortgage Financial Guarantee
insurers. Sources
A.M. Best, ISO III.
32U.S. Insured Catastrophe Losses
Billions
100 Billion CAT year Coming Soon?
2008 CAT losses already exceed the annual totals
recorded for all of 2007 and 2006. 2005 was by
far the worst year ever for insured catastrophe
losses in the US, but the worst has yet to come.
Excludes 4B-6b offshore energy losses from
Hurricanes Katrina Rita. Based on preliminary
PCS data through June 30. Note 2001 figure
includes 20.3B for 9/11 losses reported through
12/31/01. Includes only business and personal
property claims, business interruption and auto
claims. Non-prop/BI losses 12.2B. Source
Property Claims Service/ISO Insurance
Information Institute
33Strength of Recent Hard Markets by NWP Growth
1975-78
1984-87
2000-03
Shaded areas denote hard market periods
Excluding Mortgage Financial Guarantee
insurers, Q1 2008 NWP dropped 0.9
In 2007 net written premiums fell 0.6, the first
decline since 1943
2008 is Q1 actual (-0.7), including Mortgage
Financial Guarantee insurersSources A.M. Best,
ISO, Insurance Information Institute
34Year-to-Year Change in Net Written Premium,
2000-Q12008
Excluding Mortgage Financial Guarantee
insurers, Q1 2008 NWP dropped 0.9
P/C insurers are experiencing their slowest
growth rates since 1943.
Source A.M. Best ISO.
35Property/Casualty Insurance Industry Investment
Gain1
Investment gains are off in 2008 due to lower
yields and poor equity market conditions.
1Investment gains consist primarily of interest,
stock dividends and realized capital gains and
losses. 2006 figure consists of 52.3B net
investment income and 3.4B realized investment
gain. 2005 figure includes special one-time
dividend of 3.2B. Sources ISO Insurance
Information Institute.
36P/C Stocks Mirroring theSP 500 Index in 2008
Total YTD Returns Through August 15 , 2008
P/C, Life insurance stocks caught in financial
services downdraft
Mortgage Financial Guarantee insurers were down
69 in 2007
Includes Financial Guarantee. Source SNL
Securities, Standard Poors, Insurance
Information Institute.
37Workers Compensation ReviewUnderwriting
andOperating Performance
38Workers Comp Combined Ratios, (Calendar Year,
Private Carriers) 1994-2007p
WC insurers lopped 30 points off the combined
ratio in just 5 years
Percent
p Preliminary. Sources Calendar Years
1994-2006, A.M. Best Aggregates Averages
Calendar Year 2007p NCCI Includes dividends to
policyholders
39WC Calendar Year Combined Ratio On the Rise
Again? Private Carriers
Percent
P Preliminary Source 19902006, Best's
Aggregates Averages 2007p, NCCI
Calendar Year
40Workers Comp Combined Ratios, 1994-2008F
Percent
A.M. Best expects 2008 combined ratio to rise by
2.5 points
p Preliminary AY figure. Accident Year data is
evaluated as of 12/31/2007 and developed to
ultimate Source Calendar Years 1994-2006, A.M.
Best Aggregates Averages Calendar Year 2007p
and Accident Years 1994-2007pbased on NCCI Annual
Statement Analysis. Includes dividends to
policyholders 2008 figure from A.M.
Best.
41California Workers CompensationCY Combined Loss
and Expense Ratios
Percent
As of December 31, 2007
Calendar Year
2007 Combined Loss and Expense Ratio is
preliminary Data includes State Compensation
Insurance Fund Source WCRIB California via NCCI
42California Workers CompensationAY Combined Loss
and Expense Ratios
Percent As of December 31, 2007
Accident Year
2007 Other Expenses are preliminary Data
includes State Compensation Insurance
Fund Source WCIRB California
43Calendar Year Reserve Deficiencies Continue to
Decline
Billions
WC Loss and LAE Reserve Deficiency Private
Carriers
2007 Tabular Discount Is 5.5 Billion
Calendar Year
Considers all reserve discounts as
deficiencies Loss and LAE figures are based on
NAIC Annual Statement data for each valuation
date and NCCI latest selections Source NCCI
analysis
44Workers Comp Pre-Tax Operating Gain Ratio Strong
But Slipping?
Percent
Calendar Year
Adjusted to include realized capital gains to be
consistent with 1992 and after. Sources
1990-2006, Bests Aggregates and Averages 2007p,
NCCI
45WC Investment Income Has Been Less Helpful Lately
in Producing Profits
As u/w results strengthened, investment results
weakened, producing only a modest operating gain
ratio
Adjusted Combined Ratio (ACR) translates
combined ratio into typical percentage terms.
For example, a combined ratio of 107.0 becomes a
-7.0 ACR.
Source NCCI
46Workers CompCost DriversMedical/Indemnity
Frequency Severity Trends
47 Workers Compensation Medical Claim Trends
48Workers Comp Medical Claims Costs Continue to
Climb
Medical Claim Cost (000s)
Annual Change 19911993 1.9 Annual Change
19942001 8.9 Annual Change 2002-2006 7.8
Cumulative Change 200 (1993-2007p)
Accident Year
2007p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2007 1991-2006 Based on data through
12/31/2006, developed to ultimate Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking services
Excludes the effects of deductible policies
49WC Medical Severity Rising at Double the Medical
CPI Rate
Average annual increase in WC medical severity
from 1995 through 2007 was more than twice the
medical CPI rate (8.2 vs. 4.0)
Sources Med CPI from US Bureau of Labor
Statistics, WC med severity from NCCI based on
NCCI states.
50Med Costs Share of Total Costs is Increasing
Steadily
2007p
1997
1987
Source NCCI (based on states where NCCI
provides ratemaking services).
51WC Med Cost Will Equal 70 of Total by 2017 if
Trends Hold
2017 Estimate
This trend will likely be supported by the
increased labor force participation of workers
age 55 and older.
Source Insurance Information Institute.
52Indemnity Claim Cost Trends
53Workers Compensation IndemnityClaim Costs Growth
Is ModerateLost-Time Claims
Indemnity Claim Cost ( 000s)
Annual Change 19911993 -1.7 Annual Change
19942001 7.3 Annual Change 20022006 3.1
Accident Year
2007p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2007 19912006 Based on data through
12/31/2006, developed to ultimate Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking
services Excludes the effects of deductible
policies
54Workers Comp Indemnity Claims Cost Growth Has
Moderated Recently
Indemnity Claim Cost (000s)
Annual Change 19911993 -1.7 Annual Change
19942001 7.3 Annual Change 20022006 3.1
Cumulative Change 110.6 (1993-2007p)
Accident Year
2007p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2007 1991-2006 Based on data through
12/31/2006, developed to ultimate Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking
services Excludes the effects of deductible
policies Source NCCI
55WC Indemnity Severity vs. Wage Inflation
WC indemnity severity is once again outpacing
wage inflation
2006p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2006 1991-2005 Based on data through
12/31/2005, developed to ultimate. Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking services.
Excludes the effects of deductible policies. CPS
Current Population Survey. Source NCCI
56Predictive Modeling Workers CompMany
Enhancements are Possible
57Predictive ModelingWhat is It?
- What is Predictive Modeling?
- While people (even within the insurance industry)
tend to view it as new, it is in fact quite
oldas old as insurance itself. - DEFINITION Predictive modeling is a process used
to create a statistical model of future behavior.
In insurance, predictive models are primarily
concerned with forecasting probabilities, trends
and relativities. - A predictive model is made up of a number of
predictors, variable factors that are likely to
influence future behavior or results. - In auto insurance, for example, a customer's
gender, driving experience, type of vehicle,
driving record, miles driven, etc., help predict
the likelihood and cost of future claims. To
create a predictive model, data is collected for
the relevant predictors, a statistical model is
formulated, predictions are made and the model is
validated (or revised) as additional data becomes
available. The models used may be simple or
extremely complex and employ a wide variety of
statistical techniques. - Use of Some Predictive Factors/Models May Not be
Intuitive
Adapted and modified by the Insurance
Information Institute from www.searchdatamanagemen
t.com accessed Sept. 16, 2007.
58Predictive Modeling Can Enhance Understanding of
Claiming Behavior
- Many Ways to Improve Accuracy of Individual Risk
Rating by Modeling Claimant and Workforce Data to
Better Understand Future Claiming Behavior - More Closely Analyze Claimant Characteristics to
Develop Rates for Individual Employers - Can Also Be Used to Identify Cost Drivers, to
Structure Loss Mitigation Solutions, Improve
Outcomes, Speed Recovery - Frequency and Severity Can Both Be Analyzed
- Sample Factors
- Prior Injury Data?influences frequency and
severity of future claims Such data are used
intensively in traditional medical research
Could be especially useful in more expensive TT,
PT claims - Worker Medical Characteristic Data?co-morbid
factors such as obesity (BMI), diabetes, smoking,
substance abuse and other disease and risk factor
data Treatment takes these factors into account,
should rating and underwriting? - Socio-Economic Factors Need to Test Rigorously
- Gender?
- Primary Language?
- Union Status?
- Credit Standing (used in personal lines but would
likely be controversial, though use does not
affect employee)?
59Residual Market Overview
60WC Residual Market Shares Continue to Decline
Workers Compensation Insurance Plan States
Premium as a Percentage of Direct Written Premium
Percent
- p Preliminary
- NCCI Plan states plus DE, IN, MA, MI, NJ, NC
- Source NCCI
Calendar Year
61WC Residual Market Combined Ratios NCCI-Serviced
Workers Compensation Residual Market Poolsas of
December 31, 2007
Percent
Policy Year
Incomplete Policy Year Projected to
Ultimate Source NCCI
62Workers Compensation Residual Market Premium
Volume Declines NCCI-Serviced Workers
Compensation Residual Market Poolsas of December
31, 2007
Billions
Incomplete Policy Year Projected to
Ultimate Source NCCI
Policy Year
63Workers Compensation Residual Market Underwriting
Results NCCI-Serviced Workers Compensation
Residual Market Poolsas of December 31, 2007
Millions
Incomplete Policy Year Projected to
Ultimate Source NCCI
Policy Year
64Residual Markets Are Depopulating in Most
States First Quarter 2008 vs. First Quarter 2007
Total number of assigned risk policies in
force Includes residual market policies for AK,
AL, AR, AZ, CT, DC, GA, ID, IL, IA, IN, KS, MS,
NV, NH, NM, OR, SC, SD, VT, VA Source NCCI
65Investment Performance
66Workers Compensation InvestmentReturns Remain
Below Historical Average Investment Gain on
Insurance Transactions-to-Premium RatioPrivate
Carriers
Percent
Average (19902006) 15.3
Calendar Year
p Preliminary Adjusted to include realized
capital gains to be consistent with 1992 and
after Investment Gain on Insurance Transactions
includes Other Income Source 19902006, Best's
Aggregates Averages 2007p, NCCI
67Premium Growth Pricing Environment
68Total Workers Compensation Premium Declined Again
in 2007Net Written Premium
Billions
Calendar Year
p Preliminary Source 19902006 Private
Carriers, A.M. Best Aggregates Averages 2007p,
NCCI 19962007p State Funds AZ, CA,
CO, HI, ID, KY, LA, MO, MT, NM, OR, RI, TX, UT
Annual Statements State Funds
available for 1996 and subsequent
69History of Average WC Bureau Rate/Loss Cost
Level Changes
Percent
Cumulative 2000-2003 17.1
Cumulative 1994-1999 -27.8
Cumulative 2004-2008 -24.0
Cumulative 1990-1993 36.3
Calendar Year
States approved through 4/11/2008 Countrywide
approved changes in advisory rates, loss costs
and assigned risk rates as filed by the
applicable rating organization
70Average Commercial Rate Change by Line 4Q99
1Q08
Workers Comp rates (red line) and most other
commercial lines is renewing down about 10 in
1Q2008 according to CIAB
Source Council of Insurance Agents Brokers
71WC Rates Have Retreated to Levels Last Seen in
2002
WC red line has generally followed the
pattern for other commercial lines
WC rates red line have generally followed the
pattern for other commercial lines
Source Council of Insurance Agents Brokers
72Average Approved BureauRates/Loss CostsAll
States vs. All States Excluding California
Percent
Cumulative 20002008 11.0 All States 6.1
All States Ex CA
Calendar Year
States approved through 4/11/2008 Countrywide
approved changes in advisory rates, loss costs
and assigned risk rates as filed by the
applicable rating organization Source NCCI
73Current NCCI Voluntary MarketFiled Rate/Loss
Cost Changes Excludes Law-Only Filings
Percent
States filed through 4/18/2008 Source NCCI
74Impact of Discounting on Workers Compensation
PremiumNCCI StatesPrivate Carriers
Percent
Policy Year
p PreliminaryNCCI benchmark level does not
include an underwriting contingency
provision Dividend ratios are based on calendar
year statistics Based on data through 12/31/2007
for the states where NCCI provides ratemaking
services Source NCCI
75According to Goldman Sachs, Most Survey
Respondents See Declining WC Prices Agent
Responses on Policy Renewal Premiums vs. 12
Months Prior
Source Goldman Sachs Research, Independent
Insight US Insurance Non-Life, Proprietary
Survey (Exhibit 8, Workers Compensation,
Percentage of Respondents)
76Alternative Risk Transfer MarketSaps Traditional
WC Carriers
Billions
Workers Comp account for the largest share of the
alternative market, particularly captives
Source MarketStance.
77FREQUENCY SEVERITY TRENDS
78 Injury Fatality Incidence Rates and Claim
Cost Trends
79Rate of Work-Related Injuries Decreases Over Time
Due to Improved Working ConditionsRate of
Injury per 100 FTE Workers
Source US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics NCCI
80Workers Comp Lost-Time Claim Frequency Down More
than 50 Since 1991
Cumulative Change of 53.3 since 1991 means that
lost work time claims have been cut by more than
half
Percent Change
Accident Year
2007p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2006 1991-2006 Based on data through
12/31/2005, developed to ultimate Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking
services Excludes the effects of deductible
policies Source NCCI
811997-2006 Claim Frequency Declined for All
Injury Types Other Than Permanent Total
Percentage Change Between Policies Expiring in
1997 and 2006Claim Frequency per 1M of
Wage-Adjusted Payroll
All NCCI states except NV and TX Source NCCI
Unit Statistical Plan data, First Report
82Lost-Time Claim Frequency Declined for All
Industry Groups Percentage Change Between
Policies Expiring in 2002 and 2006Claim
Frequency per 1M of Wage-Adjusted Payroll
All NCCI states except NV and TX Source NCCI
Unit Statistical Plan data, First Report Source
NCCI
83Permanent Total Claim Frequency by Industry Group
Percentage Change Between Policies Expiring in
2002 and 2006Claim Frequency per 1M of Wage
Adjusted Payroll
All NCCI states except NV and TX Source NCCI
Unit Statistical Plan data, First Report Source
NCCI
84WHY YOU SHOULD FEEL GOOD ABOUT WHAT YOU DO
Saving Lives, Increasing Productivity and Much
MoreIts Not Just About the Money
85Did You Know That When You Prevent a Workplace
Injury You
- Keeping Workers Comp Costs Down is Just the
Beginning - You Help Companies Remain Productive1
- Permanently Disabling Injuries? 565 Lost Future
Work Days on Avg. - Fatal Injuries? 5,850 Lost Future Work Days on
Average - You Increase/Preserve Worker Incomes
- Seriously Injured Workers Have Lower Lifetime
Earnings, on Average - Reduced Likelihood of Filing Bankruptcy
- Less Likely to Need Public Assistance
- You Maintain/Improve the Quality of Workers Home
Life - Higher Incidence of Divorce, Substance Abuse,
Depression Among Seriously Injured - ALL REASONS TO BE PROUD OF WHAT YOU DO!!
1 US Census Bureau http//www.census.gov/compend
ia/statab/tables/07s0639.xls
86Workers Comp Lost-Time Claim Frequency Down More
than 50 Since 1991
Cumulative Change of 53.3 since 1991 means that
lost work time claims have been cut by more than
half
Percent Change
Accident Year
2007p Preliminary based on data valued as of
12/31/2006 1991-2006 Based on data through
12/31/2005, developed to ultimate Based on the
states where NCCI provides ratemaking
services Excludes the effects of deductible
policies Source NCCI
87Number of Fatal Work Injuries is Continues to
Fall, 1992 2006p
Workers comp insurers the entire workplace
safety community have contributed to the 14
decline in workplace fatalities since 1994
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor III. Excludes 9/11 deaths.
88Rate of Fatal Work InjuriesContinues to Drop,
1992 2006p
Fatal Work Injuries per 100,000 Workers
Fatality rates are down 26.4 since 1994nearly
double the 14 decline in the number of on the
job fatalities
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics Insurance
Information Institute. Excludes 9/11 deaths.
89Workplace Deaths Rising Slowly (2002-2006) After
Steep Fall (1994-2002)
Number of deaths grew 1.4 per year since 2002
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
90Rate of Work Fatalitiesat Historically Low Level
Fatal Work Injuries per 100,000 Workers
Fatality rates are down 26.4 since 1994nearly
double the 14 decline in the number of on the
job fatalities
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics Insurance
Information Institute.
91Lives Saved Due to Reduction inFatal Work Injury
Rate, 19952006
Reduction in Occupational Deaths Due to Fall in
Fatality Rate from 5.3 per 100,000 Workers in
1994 to 4.0 in 2006
Workers comp insurers are a major force in saving
worker lives
Nearly 2,000 work lives are saved annually due to
improved workplace safety!
Source Insurance Information Institute from BLS
data.
92Cumulative Lives Saved Due toReduction in Fatal
Work Injury Rate
Cumulative Lives Saved Due to Fall in Fatality
Rate from 5.3 per 100,000 Workers in 1994 to 4.0
in 2006
Since 1994, nearly 15,000 worker lives have been
saved due to improved workplace safety!
Saving a Life, Saves a Family
Source Insurance Information Institute from BLS
data.
93Four Most Frequent Work-Related Fatal Events,
1992-2006
Work-related homicides dropped 50 since 1994.
Highway deaths still 1 killer.
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
94EMERGING TRENDS CHALLENGES IN WORKERS COMP
951Emerging (Mega) Trend The Obesity Epidemic
96What Do We Mean by Obesityand How Do We
Measure It?
- Definitions
- Obesity
- Having a very high amount of body fat in relation
to lean body mass - Body Mass Index of 30 or higher
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- A measure of an adults weight in relation to his
or her height, - Specifically, the adults weight in kilograms
divided by the square of his or her height in
meters
Source Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
97BMIs for VariousHeights and Weights
Weight (lbs)
Obesity is defined as a BMI gt 30
Height (inches)
98Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990,
1998, 2006
(BMI ?30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 54
person)
1998
1990
2006
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 2529
30
99In Every State (except Colorado), Over 20 of the
Adult Population is Obese
Source Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System www.cdc.gov/Features/dsObesity
100For Analysis Purposes,We Create BMI Categories
- BMI Categories
- Underweight BMI lt18.5
- Healthy Weight BMI18.5-24.9
- Overweight BMI25.0-29.9
- Obese
- Class I BMI30.0-34.9
- Class II BMI35.0-39.9
- Class III BMIgt40.0
101The Most Obese Workers File Twice as ManyWC
Claims as Healthy-Weight Workers
The most obese have 13 times more lost workdays
than healthy weight workers!
Source Ostbye, T., et al, Obesity and Workers
Compensation, Archives of Internal Medicine,
April 23, 2007.
102WC Medical Claims Costs are 6.8x Higher for the
Most Obese Workers
Indemnity costs are 11 times higher for the most
obese workers than for healthy-weight workers.
Source Ostbye, T., et al, Obesity and Workers
Compensation, Archives of Internal Medicine,
April 23, 2007.
103Its Not All Because of Obesity Confounding
Factors
- Some people with high BMI also have other
characteristics that contribute to disability
and/or death. They - Smoke and/or regularly drink alcohol heavily
- Are older and/or male
- Have chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart
disease) - Have other conditions/circumstances (e.g., no
health insurance, dont exercise) that are
related to poor health - Failure to adjust for these confounding factors
likely results in overstating the effect of
obesity.
Source Flegal, Graubard, Williamson, and Gail,
Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight,
Overweight, and Obesity, JAMA Vol. 293, No. 15
(April 20, 2005) pp. 1861-1867.
104Relative Death Risk for Never-Smokers by BMI
and Age Category
Relative Risk
For never-smokers, the relative death risk
appears to be highest for ages 60-69 whose BMI is
either under 18.5 or over 34.9. The pattern
including smokers is similar.
Compared to people with BMI of 18.5-24.9.
Source Flegal, Graubard, Williamson, and Gail,
Excess Deaths Associated with Underweight,
Overweight,and Obesity, JAMA Vol. 293, No. 15
(April 20, 2005) pp. 1861-1867.
1052Emerging (Mega)Trend The Aging Workforce
106U.S. Workforce is Aging Significant Implications
for Workers CompMedian Age of U.S. Worker
Older and less healthy workforce
The median age of US workers as the Baby Boomer
begin to retire is about 41 years. Immigration
will hold this number down and may even lower the
figure.
Year
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004.
107Changes in Labor Force Participation by Gender,
1990-2006
Projected change from 2004-2014 -1.5 for men,
0.5 for women
Year
Sources US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and
Toossi, Labor Force Projections to 2014
retiring boomers, Monthly Labor Review, November
2005, pp. 25-44.
108Male/Female Labor Force Participation Rates,
Ages 55-64, 1998-2008
During the last decade, about 68-69 of men ages
55-64 were in the labor force. But over that span
the percent of labor-force participation by women
ages 55-64 rose from 51 to 58.5.
Participation Rate
not seasonally adjusted
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Rates shown are end of 2nd
quarter each year.
109Some Workers Are Planning to Start Retirement at
a Later Age
- In January 2008, 18 percent of workers said
that, in the past year, theyd changed their
expected retirement start. - 14.2 postponed retirement,
- 3.8 accelerated it.
- These percentages can change quickly in 2003
the percent changing their planned retirement age
in the prior year was 32.
Source EBRI Issue Brief No. 316, (April 2008),
p. 15
110Fatal Work Injury RatesClimb Sharply With Age
Fatal Work Injuries per 100,000 Workers (2006)
The fatality rate for workers 65 and older is
triple that of workers age 35-44. The workplace
of the future will have to be completely
redesigned to accommodate the surge in older
workers.
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
111Older Workers Have More Lost Time from Work Due
to Injury or Illness
Age 65 workers median lost time is 50 greater
than workers age 35-44
Median Days Away From Work (2005)
There will be more lost time as the workforce
ages in the future.
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor
112Distribution of Non-Fatal Work Injury Days
AwayFrom Work, by Length of Period and Age
group,Ages 45 and over, 2005
Percentage of cases
Workers 65 more likely to be out two weeks than
one
Workers 65 more likely to be out a month or more
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor, Table 8 from 2005 Survey of
Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Requiring Days Away from Work, Revised data
released 11-17-2006.
113US Population2007 vs. 2025 Projection
There will be nearly as many 85 people in 2025
as there are 70-74 today
Population in each age group (in thousands)
Using the Census Bureaus Middle (i.e., most
probable) projections
Source National Projections Program, Population
Division, U.S. Census Bureau
114At What Once Was Retirement Age, More People Are
Working
The labor force participation rate for workers
65-69 has grown considerably since 1998. It might
grow even faster in the future as seniors find
they cant fully retire on their meager
retirement savings.
People born 1939-1943
Labor Force participation rate
People born 1929-1933
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
115Quarterly Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages
70-74, 1998-2008
People born 1934-1938
The labor force participation rate for workers
70-74 has also grown considerablyby about
50since 1998. It too might grow even faster in
the future as seniors find they cant fully
retire on their meager retirement savings.
Labor Force participation rate
People born 1924-1928
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
116Quarterly Labor Force Participation Rate, Ages 75
and Over, 1998-2008
People born 1933 and earlier
The labor force participation rate for workers 75
and over has grown slowly in absolute termsbut
relatively by about 50since 1998.
Labor Force participation rate
People born 1923 and earlier
Source US Bureau of Labor Statistics, US
Department of Labor Insurance Information
Institute.
117Workers 65 by Work Schedule,1977-2007
The percent working full time grew from 44 in
1995 to 56 in 2007
118Why Elderly Stop Working, byAge Group 2002
Percent whostop working
Age 80 workers not retiring due to poor health!
Source Growing Older in America, US Department
of Health and Human Services, p 47.
119Workers Compensationand Medicare
- No Help from Medicare
- Medicare law has long specified that
- If Workers Compensation is available, Medicare
will pay nothing, - Medicare will pay if costs remain after all WC
medical benefits are exhausted, and - If Medicare does pay a bill, it has a right of
recovery from the employer or WC insurer.
Source Title 42 Code of Federal Regulations,
Section 411 et seq.
120Workers Compensationand Medicare
- and Maybe a Fight from Medicare
- Medicare is worried that, for workers who are
covered by, or eligible for, Medicare, it will be
stuck with costs shifted from those responsible
for paying WC costs.So, in those cases, - It wants to review, and maybe disapprove, Workers
Compensation settlements, if it believes there is
insufficient WC money to pay for future medical
costs, - This may align Medicare with workers against
employers and WC insurers - This will increase WC administration costs
121Workers Compensation andSocial Security
- Effect on WC Claims of Social Security
Retirement Income - When a SS DI recipient reaches the full benefit
retirement age, the DI benefit becomes a
retirement benefit - Social Security Retirement Income is not offset
for WC indemnity payments - So disabled workers age 66 and over can collect
both moral hazard?
1223Emerging Trend Returning InjuredWar
Veterans to the Workforce
123Non-Fatal Injuries to Military Personnel Deployed
in Iraq
30,480 military personnel were reported wounded
through July 2008 in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
There are important employer issues associated
with their return to work
Injury counts can fluctuate dramatically from
month to month but are now near their lowest
levels since the start of the war
Source Brookings Institution, Iraq Index
Archive, updated August 18, 2008.
124Non-Fatal Physical Injury Rates Among Troops in
Iraq
About 1-in-300 troops is wounded in any given
month. On an annual basis, a soldier in Iraq has
about a 4 chance of being wounded
Source Insurance Information Institute
calculations based in data from the Brookings
Institution, Iraq Index Archive, updated August
18, 2008.
125Troop Strength Levels in Iraq Guarantee
Significant Flow of Injured
(Thousands)
Approximately 30 - 40 of deployed troops are
National Guard or Reservists, meaning up to
200,000 people have been or will be returned to
the workforce soon
Source Brookings Institution, Iraq Index
Archive, updated August 18, 2008.
126Status of Personnel Deployed to Iraq and
Afghanistan
Nearly 40 of Army and 30 of Air Force personnel
deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan are National
Guard or Reservists
September 2001 through January 2005. (latest
available). Source Brookings Institution, Iraq
Index Archive, updated June 5, 2006.
127Total Number of U.S. Army Troops Deployed to Iraq
(Thousands)
There have been more than a half million Iraq
deployments since 2003 (as of August 2008). Many
troops are deployed multiple times. The
likelihood of exhibiting symptoms of PTSD
increase with each deployment
Source Brookings Institution, Iraq Index
Archive, updated August 18, 2008.
128Percentage of Non-Commissioned Officers Suffering
from Symptoms of PTSD by Number of Deployments
Symptoms of PTSD are 54 more likely to be
observed in second deployments and 125 higher in
third or fourth deployments
Source Brookings Institution, Iraq Index
Archive, updated August 18, 2008.
129U.S. Troops Deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan
Deemed Medically Unfit for Combat, 2003-2007
The number of troops declared medically unfit for
duty increased 69 from 2005 to 2007
Source Brookings Institution, Iraq Index
Archive, updated August 18, 2008.
1306Emerging (Mega) Trend Non-EnglishSpeaking
Workers
131Fatal Worker Injury Rates byRace and Ethnicity,
2006
Fatality Rate per 100,000 Workers Employed
Hispanic workers experience highest rate of fatal
injuries on the job
Source U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational
Injuries, 2006
132Fatal Worker Injury Rates byRace and Ethnicity,
2002
Latino workers experience highest rate of fatal
injuries on the job, 25 more than whites, 61
more than blacks and more than double the rate
for Asians
Fatality Rate per 100,000 Workers Employed
Source Worker Health Chart Book, 2004 Centers
for Disease Control and III calculations.
133Non-Fatal Worker Injury Rates by Race and
Ethnicity, 2002
Injury Rate per 100,000 Workers Employed
Latino workers experience highest rate of
non-fatal injuries on the job as well 46 more
than whites, 34 more than blacks and 150 the
rate for Asians
Source Worker Health Chart Book, 2004 Centers
for Disease Control and III calculations.
134Fatality Rates in Construction 1992-2001
Fatality Rate per 100,000 Workers Employed
Persistent gap (average 60) between Latino and
non-Latino fatality rates in construction
attributed to (1) language gap between workers
and managers and (2) overrepresentation of
Latinos in construction
Source Worker Health Chart Book, 2004 Centers
for Disease Control and authors calculations.
135Employment and Non-Fatal Injuryby Race, 2002
Latino workers experience a disproportionate
share of non-fatal injuries relative to their
share of employment as compared to all other
groups
Source Worker Health Chart Book, 2004 Centers
for Disease Control and authors calculations.
136A Look Ahead
- Rapid rise in Latino population over the next
decade (including a substantial share of
undocumented workers) suggests increasing worker
injury and death in industries where Latinos are
over-represented. - Shift of Latino populations to lower risk jobs
due to improvements in educational attainment
will reduce Latino workplace injury and deaths
rates.
137 Not a Mega-Trend Yet, but Other things to
keep aware of
138Terrorism Risk InsuranceProgram Provisions
139The Terrorism Risk Insurance Program
Reauthorization Act of 2007
- 7-Year Extension, expiring 12/31/14
- Keeps Federal governments cap at 100 billion
- Keeps 20 Direct Earned Premium Deductible (about
35B) - Eliminates
- distinction between foreign and domestic acts of
terrorism - requirement that terrorist act be on behalf of
foreign person or foreign interest - Changes in definition of terrorist act require
substantial rate and form filings in states - Requires Comptroller General to issue report
within 180 days on obstacles in development of
private sector market for terror insurance - NBCR
- NBCR risks remain excluded
- Requires Comptroller General to issue report
within 1 year on feasibility of NBCR insurance
market
Source Insurance Information Institute
140Insured Loss Estimates Large NBCR Terrorist
Attack ( Bill)
Source American Academy of Actuaries, Response
to Presidents Working Group, Appendix II, April
26, 2006.
141Summary
- Workers Compensation Has Benefited from Favorable
Underlying Claims Trends, but this might not
continue - WC Premium Trends have followed the trend for
Commercial Insurance generally - Trends in Medical and Indemnity Cost are
Worrisomeand Have Historically Been Sensitive to
Increases in the Rate of Inflation - The Aging of the Population and the Obesity
Epidemic could cause WC claims to explode
142Insurance Information Institute On-Line
WWW.III.ORG
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