Referencing

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• Referencing Bibliographies
• Harvard style
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Why reference?

• to acknowledge the source of all ideas which are
  not common knowledge
• to give due respect to those whose work has
  contributed to your discussion
• to set your work into the context of other
  research
• to allow readers of your work to
• read more on the topic
• check your interpretation
• replicate your experiments/study
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Plagiarism is

• pretending that the ideas and language of other
  people are your own.
• Your assignments, imply that all the ideas and
  language are your own, unless you specifically
  state otherwise
• if you fail to make clear that sections of your
  work are not your own, then you are guilty of
  plagiarism
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When to reference

• You need to acknowledge the source of your ideas,
  when
• quoting the exact words of another writer
• closely summarising a passage from another writer
  (paraphrasing)
• using an idea or material which is directly based
  on the work of another writer
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Dont reference.

• You dont need to reference any information which
  is held to be common knowledge or widely held
  knowledge. Dont hunt up a reference for
  theseltclickgt
• Famous theories or events eg Darwins theory of
  evolution or his travels
• Copernicuss astronomical theory
• Archimedes bath
• BUTltclickgt

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• If you are talking about Dr Stephen Goulds
  thoughts on Darwins theory of evolution then
  you have to reference Dr Gould and tell the
  reader where YOU read it.
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Referencing styles

• Harvard or Author-date
• More details on BIOL1030 web page
• Other styles
• APA
• Chicago
• MLA
• Vancouver ltclickgt

http//www.newcastle.edu.au/library/biol1030/
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In-text referencing

• Acknowledge others work at the point it appears
  or is discussed in your essay
• two main methods
• citing in the text, placing author and date of
  publication in parentheses immediately after the
  reference or quotation (i.e., Harvard)
• endnotes or footnotes, where a number is placed
  immediately after the reference or quotation,
  with more details at the foot of the page or the
  end of the document.
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Example of intext referencing by numbers.

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In-text referencing

• Brown (1995) compares various testing methods
• OR
• In a recent study of various testing methods
  (Brown 1995) ...
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In-text referencing

• Two or three authors
• Robinson and Jones (1997) discuss the major
  theories of
• are the major theoretical approaches (Robinson
  Jones 1997)
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In-text referencing

• More than three authors
• Graham et al. (1994) found that the major
  problems associated with this are
• were found to be the major problems (Graham et
  al. 1994)
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In-text referencing

• Where there is no author, use the title and
  publication date, e.g.
• Recent developments have shown (The future of
  genetics 1998)
• The future of genetics (1998) described the
• Do NOT use Anon or Anonymous ltclickgt

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References or Bibliography

• a Reference List and/or Bibliography with the
  full details of the works cited must be provided
  at the end of your work
• a Reference List appears at the end of the essay
  and includes all the works cited within the essay
  itself in alphabetical order by author
• a Bibliography also includes the wider list of
  works that you have read as background in your
  research but did not reference directly in the
  essay
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Reference Lists/Bibliographies

• must
• be in alphabetical order by authors surname
• list items without authors alphabetically by
  their title - do not use Anonymous or Anon
• have all the elements of the reference in the
  correct order
• use consistent punctuation throughout
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The pattern

• The pattern for a basic reference in a
  bibliography is,..
• Author(s) or Editor(s) and Date and Title
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Books

• Author(s) or Editor(s). Year of publication,
  Title, Edition if applicable, Publisher, Place of
  Publication.
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Rosner, B A 1990, Fundamentals of biostatistics,
3rd ed., PWS-KENT Publishing, Boston,
MA. Jacobs, P A, Price, W H Law, P (eds.)
1970, Human population cytogenetics, Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh.
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Chapters in books

• Author(s) of chapter. Year of publication, Title
  of chapter, in editors, title of book,
  Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers of
  chapter.
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Blaxter, M 1991, Protein structure in D.
Butler, Jones and Bartlett (eds), Essentials of
molecular biology, Publishers Inc., Boston, MA.,
pp. 27-51.
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Journal articles

• Author(s), Year of publication, Title of
  article, Title of journal, volume number, issue
  number, month or season, page numbers.
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Only use if there is no issue number
Gillepsie, N. C., Lewis, R. J., Pearn, J. H.
Bourke, A. T. C. 1990, Ciguatera in Australia
occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology
and management, Medical Journal of Australia,
vol. 145, nos. 11-12, pp. 584-590.
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Full-text journal articles from electronic
database

• Author(s). Year of publication, Title of
  article, Title of journal, volume number,
  issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month
  Year, Name of database service Name of database,
  item number if given.
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Wrubel, R. 1998, Biotechnology right or
wrong?, BioScience, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 210(2),
viewed 9 March 2000, Infotrac Expanded Academic
ASAPitem A54085570
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Web pages

• In-text referencing is the same as print items
• Author(s). Year, Title, type of medium Sponsor
  of page, viewed day month year, lturl full details
  or the main site detailsgt
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Caplan, A. L. 1995, If gene therapy is the cure,
what is the disease? paper, University of
Pennsylvania, viewed 10 March 2000,
lthttp//www.med.upenn.edu/ Ebioethic/genetics/art
icles/1.caplan.gene.therapy.htmlgt
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No author

• If there is no author, then list it by title
• Title, publication year, edition, publisher,
  place of publication.
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Concise dictionary of biology, 1990, New ed.,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
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No date

• If there is no date, use n.d.
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Wolniak, S. M. n.d., An introduction to mitosis,
online Availablehttp//www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/
faculty/wolniak/wolniakmitosis.html 2001, Mar.
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