KKA 4106 Toxicology Lecture 5

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KKA 4106 Toxicology Lecture 5

• Dr Robiah Yunus
• Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Eng.
• Universiti Putra Malaysia

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ISSUES AND HEALTH ASPECTS
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SOURCE TYPE IN TOXIC WASTEWATER

• Domestic Wastewater
• Contain ammoniacal nitrogen up to 50 mg/l
• Septic may contain sulfide up to 50 mg/l
• Damage to aquatic fauna
• Stormwater
• Influenced by nature of drainage area frequency
  of storms
• Mainly associated with heavy metals

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SOURCE TYPE IN TOXIC WASTEWATER

• c) Agricultural Wastes
• Materials used for fertilizers pest control
• Fertilizers oxidized nitrogen cause human
• toxicological problems
• Pesticides herbicides aquatic toxins
• d) Industrial Wastes
• Refer to Table 1
• e) Leachates
• Leach out when surface or ground water has
• access

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TOXICOLOGY

• Deals with adverse effects caused by exposure of
  living organisms to chemical substances
• Human response to toxic chemicals

H Um a n R E S P O n S e
Death
Clinical
Sub-clinical
Behavioral
Low ltDose of Toxic Agentgt High
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EXPOSURE PATHWAY
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PHARMACOKINETICS

• Refers to rate of body mechanisms deal with
  toxicants (absorbed, metabolized, eliminated)
• Fast rate may tolerate toxic dose when received
• Slow rate accumulates to a critical
  concentration
• Many models rely on 0-order, 1st-order, or
  2nd-order reaction kinetics combined with
  mathematical approaches

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PHARMACOKINETICS

• Example Elimination of Ethanol
• Metabolism of ethanol is 0-order reaction. If an
  average human is able to metabolize 10 mL pf
  ethanol per hour, how long a time is required to
  eliminate a six-pack of beer containing 5
  alcohol?
• Solution 1 bottle of beer 500 mL

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TOXIC EFFECTS

• Carcinogenic
• effects with tumor induction
• Non-carcinogenic
• effect comprising all other effects
• Toxic effects of lead benzene

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ADVERSE EFFECTS CAUSED BY SELECTED TOXIC
SUBSTANCES
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TOXIC EFFECTS

• Carcinogens
• a disease marked by cellular abnormalities in
  which a normal cell becomes altered and divides
  irreversibility and uncontrollably