Stacey Connell

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Tularemia

• By
• Stacey Connell
• Steve Kim
• Steve Schuetz
• Brenna White

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History
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Tularemia History

• Discovered in 1911 by George McCoy and Charles
  Chapin
• Outbreak in Tulare County California
• rabbit fever and deer fever
• 1914 - First Human Case (Cincinnati)
• 1928 - Confirmed bacteria responsible for
  Tularemia

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Tularemia History

• 1930s 1940s - Outbreak in Europe and Soviet
  Union
• 1959- 2 species of Tularemia were discovered
• 1966 1967 -Largest outbreak in Sweden
• 2000 Epidemic in Kosovo
• 20th Century - Decrease in United States

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Tularemia History

• 1937 - Japanese Manchuria
• World War II - Researched as biological weapon
• 1950s - 1960s - US put tularemia in aerosol cans
• Vaccines and antibiotics developed

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Tularemia History

• 1969 destruction of biological stockpile was
  ordered
• 1971 to 1972 the stockpile was destroyed
• Soviets most advanced in biological weapons
• 1982 vaccine resistant Tularemia was created
• Soviets destroyed their weapons in the 1990s

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Disease Characteristics
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Who is at risk and why?
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Symptoms
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Where in the World is Tularemia?
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Case Study Bioterrorism
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Recent Outbreak

• 2005 Beyhan Village outbreak, Northwest Turkey
• 11 patients
• Swollen neck, sore throat, fever
• Tularemia suspected

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Cause of Outbreak

• NIH concluded that F. tularensis was transmitted
  by water
• Tap water village fountain water
• Reservoir
• Pool that collects village fountain water
• Patients drank from common water source

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Bioterrorism

• One of the most infectious pathogenic bacteria
• Infamous for causing infections to researchers
• 1932-1945 Manchurian tests
• Tularemia outbreak in the Soviet Union
• United States research
• 1950-1960 - developed weapon that spreads
  tularemia
• 1970 - terminated the development program
• 1973 - destroyed entire arsenal

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Bioterrorism

• 50 kg of tularemia 5 million metropolitan
  inhabitants
• 250,000 incapacitating casualties including
  19,000 deaths
• Estimated 540 million for every 100,000 people
  exposed

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Control Methods
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Surveillance

• Suspected cases
• Reporting
• Notifying

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Prevention

• Cannot be readily spread
• Maintain limited contact
• Perform standard hospital safety procedures
• Proper autopsy techniques and protection

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Treatment

• Individual patient management
• Anti-microbial therapy
• Streptomycin and Gentamicin
• Mass casualty setting
• Oral antibiotics
• Doxycycline and Ciprofloxacin
• CDC treatment stockpile

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Vaccines and the Future
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Vaccines

• Live Vaccine Strain
• Need for new vaccines

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Future of Tularemia

• Class A biological weapon
• Need for funding
• New and improved research and control methods