Print Instructions

1
Print Instructions
Open the FILE dropdown menu Select PRINT Look
for PRINT WHAT? in the lower left corner. Drop
down the menu and select HANDOUTS Then select
GRAYSCALE. This will print 6 slides to a sheet of
paper. Please keep these instructions for future
use
2
Anatomy Physiology
1
Anatomy -
Structure of body parts
Relationships
Physiology -
Function of the parts
Interactions
3
Anatomy Subdisciplines
2
Gross Anatomy -
Regional Anatomy structures in specific regions
Systemic Anatomy gross structures of a system
Microscopic Anatomy -
Cytology the study of cells
Histology the study of tissues
Developmental Anatomy -
Fertilization to adult
Embryology -
Fetal development
Fertilization 8th week
4
Physiology Subdisciplines
3
Study the operation of specific organ systems
Cellular or molecular level
Chemical reactions
Physics
Electrical currents
Blood pressure
Movement
Endocrinology -
Hormones
Control body functions
Immunology -
Defense
Pathophysiology -
Changes in function
5
Structure vs. Function
4
Complementarity
Function is relative to the structure!
Structure must be maintained
6
6 Levels of Structural Organization
5
Chemical -
Atoms
Molecules
Cellular -
Smallest units of living things
Structural functional
Tissues -
Group of similar cells and common function
4 types
Organ -
2 tissues
Specific function
Organ system -
Organs working closely together to accomplish a
common purpose
Organism -
Sum is greater than total parts
7
12 Organ Systems (fig. 1.3)
6
Integumentary -
F
Barrier
Vitamin D
Evaporator
Touch, pain, pressure receptors
Skeletal -
F
Protect support body organs
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation
Muscle attachment
Muscular -
F
Locomotion
Produce heat
Maintain posture
Manipulation of the environment
Facial expressions
8
Nervous -
7
F
Control
Responds to external/internal stimuli
Activates muscles or glands
Endocrine -
F
Secrete hormones that regulate cell processes
Cardiovascular -
F
Heart pumps blood
Vessels transport blood, O2, CO2, nutrients,
wastes,
9
Lymphatic/Immune -
8
F
Return fluid leaked from capillaries
Houses white blood cells
Mounts immune response
Respiratory -
F
Supplies blood with oxygen, removes CO2
Gaseous exchange occurs in air sacs of the lung
Digestive -
F
Breakdown food into absorbable units
Eliminate indigestible foodstuffs
10
Urinary -
9
F
Eliminate nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolytes acid-base balance
Male reproductive -
F
Produce deliver sperm male sex hormone
Female reproductive -
F
Produce eggs female sex hormone
Develop the fetus
Produce milk to nourish the newborn
11
Basic Life Processes
10
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism -
All chemical reactions
Catabolism breakdown foods into building blocks
Anabolism synthesize things from building blocks
Produce ATP to power cellular activities
Excretion
Reproduction -
New cells
New individuals
Growth -
Increase cell size
Increase of cells
Maintain boundaries -
Semi-permeable membrane
Skin
12
5 Survival Needs (variables)
11
Nutrients -
Chemicals for energy cell building
Plants -
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Vitamins, minerals
Animals -
Proteins, lipids
Oxygen -
Catabolism requires O2
Water -
All chemical reactions occur in water
Body temperature -
Reactions are maximized
Atmospheric pressure -
Breathing gas exchange
All variables maintained in appropriate amounts
Excesses shortages are equally harmful
13
Homeostasis
12
Dynamic Equilibrium
Maintenance of normal internal conditions
Narrow limits
Limits adjusted by self regulating mechanisms
Variable -
Factor, event regulated
Stimulus -
Change environment
14
Bodily Fluids
13
H2O, O2, CO2, nutrients, ions, proteins,
wastes, H, OH-
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Composition
Capillary beds
15
Homeostatic Control
14
All organ systems
Nervous Endocrine sys
Communication -
Control mechanism
3 part feedback system
Receptor -
Sensor - environment
Detects stimuli
Afferent pathway (Input)
Communicates
Control center -
Limits set - Input
Determines response
Efferent path (Output)
Communicates
Effector -
Carries out the appropriate response
Results then feed back to the control center
16
15
Variable
Chronic homeostatic imbalance results in disease!
17
Negative Feedback Mechanism
16
System output shuts off the original stimulus
Variables change to the opposite direction
Keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges
Cooler!
Too HOT!
Furnace
72o
60o
Temperature-sensing Thermostat
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative!
18
17
Insulin
Take up glucose
Make glycogen
Normal Blood Glucose
Glucagon
Break down glycogen
19
Positive Feedback Mechanism
18
Output exaggerates the original stimulus
Variable change continues in the same direction
Cascade -
Series of events amplify
Race out of control
Rare!
EX
Contractions - oxytocin from maternal
hypothalamus
20
19
Cascade ends!
21
Anatomical Position
20
2 fundamental divisions
Body is erect
Upper lower limbs
Feet slightly apart
Palms forward
Thumbs out
22
Sections for Anatomical Studies
21
Cross section
Midsagittal thru midline
23
22
(Above)
Away from the head
Lower part
Toward the head
Upper part
(Below)
24
Anterior
23
Or Ventral
In front of
Posterior
Or Dorsal
Behind In back of
25
24
26
25
Distal
Proximal
Farther from the point of attachment
Closer to the point of attachment
Limbs only!
27
Superficial
26
26
(External)
(Internal)
28
27
Pg. 14
29
2 Major Body Cavities
28
Dorsal
2 specific
Ventral
2 specific
30
Thoracic Cavity
29
Heart
31
Abdominopelvic Cavity
30
Small Intestine
Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder
Internal reproductive
32
Serosa -
Serous membranes
2 tissues Thin, double layered
Parietal serosa -
Lines cavity walls
Visceral serosa -
Covers organs
31
33
32
http//science.tjc.edu/images/preserved_heart/hear
t_emerging_from_sac.jpg
34
Pleural Cavities
33
35
Abdominopelvic cavity
34
Peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
Kidneys Pancreas
36
9 Abdominopelvic Regions
35
Umbilical
37
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants
36
LUQ
RUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Locate site of pain, tumor, abnormalities
38
Other Body Cavities
House special sense organs
37
39
Medical Imaging
38
Computed tomography -
Refined x-ray
Dime slice
Brain, abdominopelvic cavity
Xenon CT -
Inhale radioactive
Absence stroke
Dynamic spatial reconstruction -
Ultrafast CT
Organ movement
Blood flow
Digital subtraction angiography -
Before after
Contrast dye
Small arteries
40
Positron emission tomography -
39
Nuclear tags
Gamma radiation
Cancer cells
Mapping brain
Most active cells
Mental illness
Ultrasound imaging -
Pulsed with sound
Reflection - echoes
Blurry but safe
Magnetic resonance imaging -
Excites H in H2O
Radio waves
Energy release
Gray white matter
Soft tissues
Tumors
Plaques
M2A Imaging Capsule -
Small intestine