Plant Taxonomy (Systematics)

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Plant Taxonomy (Systematics)

• Naming
• Classifying
• Identifying

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Plant Systematics

• Naming
• give an organism a precise scientific name
• Homo sapiens L.
• ICZN, ICBN, ICMN

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Plant Systematics

• Classifying
• organize into groups
• Primata
• Hominidae
• Homo sapiens

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Plant Systematics

• Identifying
• finding the name of an organism that has already
  been named and classified

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Dichotomous Keys

• A series of paired choices that leads to the
  correct name of an organism

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Collecting, Preparing and Preserving Plants
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Collecting, Preparing and Preserving Plants
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Polynomial Nomenclature

• Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis
  falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis

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Polynomial Nomenclature

• Ranunculus calycibus, retroflexus, pedulculis
  falcatis, caule erecto, folis comopositis
• The buttercup with bent-back sepals, curved
  flower stalks, erect stems and compound leaves
• descriptive, precise

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Binomial Nomenclature

• - Began 1753, Species Plantarum
• Carolus Linnaeus 18thC Sweden
• Ranunculus calycibus
• Genus species

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Binomial Nomenclature

• - Began 1753, Species Plantarum
• Carolus linnaeus 18thC Sweden
• Genus species
• same species name
• Cercis canadensis L.
• Solidago canadensis L. Authority
• Rules International Code of Botanical
  Nomenclature (ICBN)
• ICZN, ICMN

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ICBN Rules

• Genus treated a noun species as adjective
• suffixes usually agree in gender
• Male female neuter
• us a um
• is is
  re
• er ris
• o
• Lactuca hirsut_
• Lathyrus hirsut_
• Vaccinium hirsut_

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Binomials

• Often describe some feature
• Incorporate the name of a person or place
• perpetuate a classical name

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Binomials

• Quercus alba white oak
• Quercus macrocarpa burr oak
• All tree genera are treated as female!
• Veronica noveboracensis (L.) Michx.
• CHANGE OF CLASSIFICATION

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Linnaeus Kingdoms
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Kingdoms
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Domains
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Species

• A distinct types of organism capable of breeding
  with other members of its own kind - but not with
  other species.
• Basic category in biological nomenclature

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Varieties (subspecies)

• Sargent
• Quercus alba L. var. alba
• Quercus alba L. var. latiloba Sarg.
• If Q. latiloba was a new species?
• Quercus latiloba Sarg.

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hybridization

• Q. velutina X Q. rubra X Q. palustris
• Echinacea pallida
• Echinacea paradoxa
• Echinacea pallida X paradoxa

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Relationship between Genus and Species

• Genus - a group of related species
• Quercus (oaks) Carya (hickories)
• rubra - ovata
• velutina - cordiformes
• alba

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Related

• 1. Have similar characteristics (may hybridize)
• 2. Have a common ancestor back in evolutionary
  time
• velutina rubra alba

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Related

• 1. Have similar characteristics (may hybridize)
• 2. Have a common ancestor back in evolutionary
  time
• ovata cordiformes

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Evolution (implied by classification)

• Organisms that are placed in the same genus are
  believed to be more closely related than
  organisms from other genera.

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Phylogenetic Hierarchy

• Kingdom
• Division (Phylum)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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Natural System

• Our present system attempts to group organisms in
  accordance with natural (evolutionary)
  relationships.
• Homology

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Natural System

• Our present system attempts to group organisms in
  accordance with natural (evolutionary)
  relationships.
• Homology
• internal structures, embryology, DNA, proteins
• Analogy
• based on superficial characteristics
• outward form and function

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Standard Endings (ICBN)

• Division phyta
• Class opsida
• Order ales
• family aceae
• Genus
• species

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Taxa

• Division Anthophyta Coniferophyta Pterophyta
• flowering pines,spruces,
  ferns plants firs
  
• Magnoliopsida
• Liliopsida

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Classes of Flowering Plants

• Magnoliopsida
• dicots - 2 embryonic leaves
• taproot
• branching leaf veins
• flower parts2s, 4s, 5s

• Liliopsida
• monocots - 1 embryonic leaf
• adventitious roots, branching
• parallel leaf veins
• flower parts 3s

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Classification of Burr Oak

• Kingdom Plantae
• Division Anthophyta
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Order Fagales
• family Fagaceae
• Genus Quercus
• species macrocarpa
• binomial Quercus macrocarpa