Triumphs

1
Triumphs Travails of Jeffersonian
Democracy1800-1812

• The American Pageant
• Chapter 11

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Fed/Repub. Mudslingers

• Fed weaknesses in 1800 election

• Hamilton wing of Fed party openly split with
  Adams.
• War prep. (incl. new taxes) resulted in nothing,
  regarded as extravagant.

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Fed/Repub. Mudslingers (2)

• On defensive, Feds conducted early whispering
  campaign against Jefferson, incl. story of
  fathering children with slave, alleged atheism.

4
Revolution of 1800

• Jefferson beats Adams 73-65, largely b/c New York
  switched due to influence of Burr.
• Problem Jefferson Burr (VP running mate) both
  received 73 votes, therefore election decided by
  House of Reps.

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Revolution of 1800 (2)

• House still controlled by lame duck Feds, who
  initially preferred Burr, but elected Jefferson
  after long deadlock.
• Significance of election peaceful transfer of
  power revolutionary achievement.

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Federalist Finale

• Adams was to be last Federalist president, party
  faded.
• Fed political financial leaders had built solid
  foundations.
• Fed diplomats had signed good treaties with
  England, Spain, France, kept US out of war.

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Federalist Finale (2)

• Feds preserved democratic gains, while fending
  off anarchy half-way house between European
  past American future (Henry Adams).
• By 1800, Feds unable to appeal to common people,
  out of step.

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Responsibility Moderation

• Jefferson integrated democratic principles into
  presidency, incl. walking, pell-mell dining,
  casual dress.
• Set precedent of sending mes-sages to Congress to
  be read, rather than speaking himself.

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Responsibility Moderation (2)

• Jefferson dismissed few Fed appointments, very
  little patronage, consistent with conciliatory
  inaugural address.
• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to
  sway congressional reps.

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Restraint Helps Revolution

• Jefferson axed a few Fed policies

• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition
  Act.
• Reduced residency req. for citizenship back to 5
  years.
• Repealed hated excise tax.
• Made efforts to eliminate debt.

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Restraint Helps Revolution

• Yet Jeff. showed restraint by leaving most of Fed
  program.
• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or
  assumption.
• Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for
  Feds) doesnt mean disaster.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary

• Deathbed Judiciary Act of 1801 and resulting
  midnight appointments was regarded as attempt
  by Feds to pack courts with 16 Fed judges before
  leaving office, entrenching themselves in 1
  branch of govt.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary (2)

• New Republican Congress repealed it, eliminating
  16 judges.
• Also targeted Fed CJ John Marshall, who was
  appointed in the last days of Adams term.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary (3)

• Marshall became committed Fed at Valley Forge,
  where lack of strong central govt caused
  suffering.
• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Fed
  party died out.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary (4)

• Midnight judge Marbury presented Marshall with
  opportunity to expand power of court.
• When new Sec. of State Madison shelved his
  judicial appt., Marbury sued.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary (5)

• Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck
  down part of Judiciary Act of 1789.
• Est. precedent of judicial review SC, not
  states as Jeff. argued, had power to declare laws
  unconstitutional.

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Dead Clutch of Judiciary (6)

• Jeffersonians tried to retaliate by impeaching SC
  justice Chase.
• However, no high crimes and misdemeanors, just
  arrogant partisanship. Senate would not convict.

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Jefferson turns Warrior

• Jefferson reduced sizes of army navy
  (distrusted large standing armies).
• Previous Fed administrations had been paying
  protection money to N. African pirates in Algiers.

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Jefferson turns Warrior (2)

• 1801 pasha of Tripoli was not happy with his
  share of , informally declared war on US.
• Pacifist Jefferson reluctantly dispatched navy,
  secured peace for 60,000 ransom for American
  sailors.

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Jefferson turns Warrior (3)

• Small gunboats used with some success in Tripoli
  Jefferson interested in their cost savings.
• Mosquito fleet of 200 constructed, one found 8
  mi. inland after tidal wave.
• War of 1812 boats ineffective.

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Louisiana Godsend

• 1800 Napoleon secretly con-vinced Spain to cede
  enormous Louisiana region to France.
• 1st indication of agreement came when Spanish at
  New Orleans withdrew right of deposit from
  Americans.

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Louisiana Godsend (2)

• Pioneers wanted to take New Orleans by force, but
  would mean war with Spain France.
• Could have taken LA from Spain at any time, but
  Napoleon France too strong, would need alliance
  with England.

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Louisiana Godsend (3)

• B/c pressure from west, Jefferson sent two envoys
  to Napoleon to buy New Orleans and as much to the
  east as they could get for 10M.
• If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with
  England.

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Louisiana Godsend (4)

• At same time, Napoleon suddenly decided to sell
  all LA, abandon New World empire.
• 1st Reason Failed to reconquer Santo Domingo,
  and LA was to be a provider of food for sugar
  island. Did not need LA.

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Louisiana Godsend (5)

• 2nd Reason Napoleon ending conflict with
  Britain, afraid he would have to cede LA to them.
  By selling, he could get money, not force
  US/British alliance, and strengthen US to someday
  thwart England in New World.

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Louisiana Godsend (6)

• Envoy Livingston negotiates sale of all LA for
  15M.
• Jefferson shocked wanted LA land east, but got
  that plus all land west.
• Struggled with constitutionality of purchase.

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LA in the Long View

• Jefferson purchased doubled size of US, avoided
  conflict with France alliance with Britain.
• Spring, 1804 Jefferson sends personal sec. Lewis
  and army officer Clark to explore north LA.

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LA in the Long View (2)

• Exploration yielded maps, knowledge of Indians,
  overland trail to Pacific.
• LA Purchase also bolstered nat. unity, loyalty in
  west, as shown by Burrs failed plot to separate
  western US from east.

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A Nutcrackered Neutral

• Jefferson reelected in 1804, 162-14, but new
  European conflicts threatened successful US
  overseas trade.
• Napoleon renewed war with England France
  controlled land, England ruled sea.

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A Nutcrackered Neutral (2)

• 1806 England closed ports under French control
  to foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships
  impressed Americans.
• Napoleon then ordered seizure of all merchant
  ships that entered British ports.

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A Nutcrackered Neutral (3)

• Britain also enraged US with Chesapeake incident.
• Jefferson could have war if he wanted.

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Jeffersons Embargo

• US not ready for war, but Europeans depended on
  US for raw materials foodstuffs.
• Jefferson tried to wield this weapon, passed
  Embargo Act (1807), prohibited exports from US.

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Jeffersons Embargo (2)

• Economies of North, South West devastated -
  New England talked of secession.
• Congress repealed embargo in 1809, but still
  restricted trade with England France.

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Jeffersons Embargo (3)

• Jeff. admitted that embargo 3x more costly than
  war.
• However, did result in revival of New England
  manufacturing.
• 1812 pinched Britain finally suspended orders -
  embargo worked belatedly.

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Jeffersons Legacy

• Jefferson retained popularity, despite embargo.
• Did not want to run for 3rd term set precedent
  for dictator-ship.
• Encouraged election of Madison.

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Dupe of Napoleon

• 1808 Madison elected, but could not lead party
  like Jeff.
• 1810 Macons Bill 2. Pemitted all trade, but
  said that if England or France repealed
  restrictions, US would boycott other country.

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Dupe of Napoleon (2)

• Aug., 1810 in response, Napoleon (lying)
  announced decrees had been repealed.
• Nov., 1810 Madison announces nonimportation
  against Britain.
• Results in political ties with France.

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War Hawks

• 12th Congress, meeting in 1811, saw large
  contingent of younger hotheads from South West.
• These war hawks gained control of House,
  elected Henry Clay (KY) as speaker.

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War Hawks (2)

• War hawks wanted strong America to protect rights
  of sailors, show world that democratic govt was
  viable.
• Western hawks also wanted to wipe out renewed
  Indian threat.

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War Hawks (3)

• Indians Tecumseh the Prophet formed union of
  tribes east of Miss. to fight white intrusion,
  led Indian cultural renewal.
• 1811 Gen. William H. Harrison def. Tecumseh at
  Tippecanoe.

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War Hawks (4)

• 1814 In South, Andrew Jack-son crushed Creeks at
  Horse-shoe Bend.
• Way now wide open for settle-ment of Ohio country
  south-western frontier.
• Hawks now want Canada, FL.

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War Hawks (5)

• June, 1812 Hawks engineer de-claration of war
  with England.
• Landlocked West Southwest forced coastal states
  into war, ironically for maritime rights.
• Dangerous degree of disunity, East resented war.

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Mr. Madisons War

• Why Britain, not France? Impressment, arming of
  Indians, desire for Canada.
• Unfortunately, Congress was not aware than London
  repealed trade restrictions 2 days prior to war
  declaration.

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Mr. Madisons War (2)

• New England opposed to war b/c (1) profits were
  still good, (2) impressment exaggerated, (3)
  traditional Fed alignment with Britain, (4) did
  not want addition of Canada to give agrarian
  states more power.

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Mr. Madisons War (3)

• Result New England treason-ous against US war
  effort lent more to Britain than US, sent food
  to Canada, refused to allow militias to fight
  outside of states.
• US goes to war vs. most power-ful nation
  hopelessly divided.

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