AP European History II

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AP European History II

• Romanticism and Realism

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VI. Romanticism and Realism

• A. Romanticism
• 1. Common characteristics
• Emphasis on emotion, sentiment, and inner
  feelings
• Individualism - an interest in the unique traits
  of each person
• Romantic heroes - the deeds of heroes determined
  the outcome of historical events
• Interest in the past
• Love of nature

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2. Specific examples

• a. Literature
• 1) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
• a) Numerous plays and novels where
• the plots involved young maidens
  tragically carried off at an early age to
• the sorrow and sadness of their male
  lovers
• b) The Sorrows of the Young Werther

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2) Walter Scott (1771-1832) a) Europe's
best-seller in the first half of the nineteenth
century b) Ivanhoe
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3) Mary Shelley (1797-1851)

• a) Symbolized the danger of science when it tries
  to conquer nature
• b) Bizarre and unusual that gives rise to Gothic
  literature
• c) Frankenstein

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b. Poetry

• 1) Ranked above all other literally forms
  because poets believed poetry was the direct
  expression of one's soul
• 2) Romantic poets would have nothing to do with
  deist God of the Enlightenment
• 3) Criticized science that placed nature as a
  cold object of study

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a) William Wordsworth

• (1) Love of nature
• (2) Nature served as a mirror into which humans
  could look to learn about themselves

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b. Art and Music

• 1) Two fundamental characteristics
• a) A painting should mirror the artist's
• vision of the world - it is a reflection of
• the artist's inner feelings
• b) Romantic artists deliberately
• rejected the principles of Classicism -
• they abandon the restraint on warmth,
  emotion, and movement
• 2) Specific examples

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a) Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840)

• (1) Preoccupied with God and nature
• (2) Paintings tend to have mystery and mysticism
  themes

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(3) Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon
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Friedrich - Crows
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Friedrich Wanderer Above a Sea of Fog
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b) Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851)

• (1) Painted numerous landscapes, seascapes,
  sunrises, and sunsets
• (2) He did not idealize nature, he painted its
  moods by using light and color to suggest natural
  effects

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(3) Rain, Steam, and Speed-The Great Western
Railway
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Turner - Cowes, Isle of Wight
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Turner - Chichester Canal
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c) Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)

• (1) Passion for color and historical subjects
• (2) The Death of Sardanapalus

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Delacroix Liberty Leading the People
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d) Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

• Considered one of the greatest composers of music
• Wrote a nationalistic piece for Napoleon
• Eventually he became deaf

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Symphony No 5 Allegro con brio
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Für Elise
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"Moonlight" Sonata Adagio sostenuto
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Minuet
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e) Hector Berlioz (1803-69)

• (1) One of the founders of programmed music
• (2) Symphonie Fantastique most famous piece

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B. Realism

• 1. Common characteristics
• Deal with ordinary characters from real life
  rather than Romantic heroes in unusual settings
• Avoidance of flowery and sentimental language by
  using careful observation and accurate
  description
• Deliberate rejection of Romanticism

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2. Specific examples

• a. Literature
• 1) Charles Dickens (1812-70)
• a) Novels focused on the lower and
  middle classes
• b) Realistic depictions of the urban poor
  and the brutalization of the human life

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b. Art

• 1) France became the leaders in Realist painting
• 2) Gustave Courbet (1819-77)
• a) The word Realism was first coined to
  describe one of his paintings
• b) His subjects were factory workers,
  peasants, and the wives of saloon keepers

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c) The Stonebreakers
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Courbet The Source
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Courbet The Bather
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Courbet Burial at Ornans
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3) Jean-François Millet (1814-75)

• a) Painted mostly scenes from rural
• life, especially peasants laboring in the fields

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b) The Gleaners
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Millet Shepherdess with Her Flock
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Millet The Angelus
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c. Music

• 1) The New German School emphasized emotional
  content rather than using abstract forms and new
  methods of using music to express literary or
  pictorial ideas

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2) Franz Liszt (1811-86)

• a) Child prodigy
• b) He has been called the greatest pianists of
  all time
• c) Credited with creating the piano recital
• d) Under his guidance and the New German School,
  Romantic music reached its peak

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3) Richard Wagner (1813-83)

• a) Composer and promoter of his music
• b) Transformed opera into music drama
• c) Many of his themes in his work looked to myth
  and epic tales from the past