INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MARINE AND COASTAL RESOURCES: Concepts and Practice

1
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MARINE
AND COASTAL RESOURCES Concepts and Practice

• Topic 1

2
(No Transcript)
3
incl. International Trade
4
Main Questions

• Reconciling open trade with environmental
  protection is a central dilemma for the world in
  the 21st Century,
• Will global markets provide the means to take
  ecological concerns into account, or merely
  encourage the excessive consumption, pollution
  and waste that stoke the engines of environmental
  destruction?

5
Components of international trade in
marine/coastal products and services

• Imports-exports of natural resources,
• International marine and coastal tourism,
• Foreign investment in marine economies,
• Transfer of technology and know-how,
• Foreign debt and its repayment.

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
International Trade Balance in Marine/Aquatic
Products
10
Trade Balance in Seafood
11
Imports and Exports of Aquatic Food
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
World Production of Fish and Meat
17
(No Transcript)
18
Fish Exporters
19
Fish Importers
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26
Aquaculture shrimp production and loss of
mangrove forests in some Asia and Pacific
countries
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Growth and decline of Ecuadorian shrimp exports
30
(No Transcript)
31

• Decline of resources in Russia caused by
  unrestricted exports
• CHANGES IN QUOTA ALLOCATION OF POLLOCK IN
• THE RUSSIAN 200 MILE EEZ - 2001 -
  2002 (THOUSAND TONS)
• QUOTA QUOTA
• 2000 2001
  DIFFERENCE
• MARITIME TERRITORY 590 48.6 273 53.6 5.1
• KHABAROVSK PROVINCE 91 7.5 37 7.3 -0.2
  
• KAMCHATKA REGION 271 22.3 102 20.0 -2.3
• MAGADAN REGION 35 2.9 13 2.6 -0.3
• SAKHALIN REGION 183 15.1 69 13.6 -1.5
• KORYAK PROVINCE 24 2.0 8 1.6 -0.4
• CHUKOTKA PROVINCE 21 1.7 7 1.4 -0.4
• TOTAL QUOTA 1,215 509

32
US//kg
33
(No Transcript)
34
Why international trade is the major cause of the
marine and coastal resource degradation in
exporting countries?

• Market growth and commercialization
• Rapid growth of export-oriented sectors
• (aquaculture, coastal tourism, land
• infrastructures),
• Increasing commercialization (from subsistence to
  profit and export-oriented artisanal activities,
• Incorporation into the (world) economy

35
Trade in Endangered Species

• Shark finning over 100 species exploited and 20
  are considered vulnerable. Demand for fins,
  cartilage, meat and liver.
• Shark killed for fins increased 2,500 between
  1991 1998.
• Countries harvesting shark Indonesia, India,
  Pakistan, US, Mexico, Taiwan, Japan, Argentina,
  Malaysia, Korea, Thailand and New Zealand.
• Exports to Asia China, Korea, Japan and other
  (price per kg US 564).

36
Live reef fish food trade

• Initial growth to supply aquarium markets in US
  and Europe.
• Recently developed into fish food trade. In 1995
  US 1 bln. In 1997 54,000 tons traded. (H-K
  32,000 tons). Species grouper, humphead wrasse.
• Importing countries Hong-Kong, China, Taiwan.
• Exporters Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and
  Malaysia.
• Fishing with cyanide, overfishing, harvest of
  young fish (grouper mariculture).

37
ARE IMPORTING MARKETS RESPONSIBLE FOR
DEGRADATION OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS AND DECLINE
OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE REGION?TWO
APPROACHES

• YES - Because consumption (imports) of
  environmental goods (fish, timber, minerals) and
  services (marine/coastal tourism) are associated
  with unconcern by individuals, private companies
  and institutions about the environment and
  sustainability of natural resources.
• NO - As management of natural environments and
  use of their resources are a sovereign
  responsibility of the exporting countries.

38
World Trade Organization

• World trade at the start of the 21st Century is
  regulated by the World Trade Organization
  (established in 1996 after GATT General
  Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).
• 120 member states (China and Russia want to join
  China already accepted),
• WTO rules encourage development and economic
  efficiency but on other hand they undermine
  livelihoods and are frequently in conflict with
  local regulations.

39
International Trade Problems

• Four challenges for International Trade
  Relations
• First
• 1. Lack of information
• a) on competition between participating
  countries and corporations,
• b) on technological change in each country or
  transnational entities,

40
Second challenge

• USA and Europe have given lessons to the rest of
  the world (liberalization and market economy)
• At present the same old industrial nations are
  practicing protection, tariffs and barrier
  policies not allowing other nations to
  participate in free trade,

41
Third challenge

• Over 30 of the international trade consists of
  trade between enterprises, but they do not
  participate in trade negotiations,

42
Forth challenge

• Challenge of marginalized.
• Trade negotiations mostly consider Asia and
  Latin America while there are a fringe of
  countries which the international community must
  be concerned with because they are excluded from
  prosperity (Africa, Carribean, Pacific SW, SE
  Asia).
• The North-South and East-West relations must
  include least developing countries (Africa, SE
  Asia, other).

43
Including Social and Environmental Costs

• Social and Environmental implications of the
  international trade,
• Capital and technology is moving where
  environmental regulations are not stringent and
  costs of production are low

44

• Increased market accessibility
• (E-communications, foreign investment and
• joint ventures, improved transportation
  methods),
• Growth of sector industries
• (mariculture, aquaculture, processing, tourism
  infrastructures, wood-related, agriculture-related
  and mineral-related),
• Lucrative foreign exchange earnings
• (difference between local and foreign market
  prices)
• Growth in demand for consumer goods and services
• procured with cash due to a rise in well-being
  (fish, wood, agriculture-related, housing and
  transport).

45
Sea/Aquatic Food Commodity Exports Flows from
Guinea-Bissau
46
Market values of sea/aquatic food in West Africa,
1995
47
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSImpacts of
trade on coastal environments and resources must
be better understood. This can be attained by
international collaboration and research under
aegis of international organizations such as
APEC, FAO, UNDP or international donors (The
World Bank, Asia Development Bank, and other).
48
Main Questions

• Reconciling open trade with environmental
  protection is a central dilemma for the world in
  the 21st Century,
• Will global markets provide the means to take
  ecological concerns into account, or merely
  encourage the excessive consumption, pollution
  and waste that stoke the engines of environmental
  destruction?

49
Components of international trade in
marine/coastal products and services policy
perspective

• Imports-exports of natural resources,
• International marine and coastal tourism,
• Foreign investment in marine economies,
• Transfer of technology and know-how,
• Foreign debt and its repayment.

50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)