Protist

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Protist

• 3/6/2008

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Essential Question Protist

• Why are protists members of the catch all
  kingdom?

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Characteristics

• One-celled
• Nucleus (EUKARYOTES)
• Some contain chlorophyll
• Some depend on other organisms for food
• Live in water or damp soil
• Reproduce asexually

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Kingdom Protist

• Type of cell Eukaryotes
• First eukaryotic organisms on Earth
• Number of species 200,000
• Protist? organism that is not a plant, animal, a
  fungus, or a prokaryote
• Protists are a catch all group
• Eukaryotes that are not members of Plantae,
  Animalia, or Fungi

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Classification

• Categories of protists
• Depends on way they obtain nutrition
• Animallike protistsheterotrophs
• Plantlike protistsautotrophs
• Funguslike protistsdecomposers or parasites

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Classification

• Groups based on way protists obtain nutrition
  doesnt answer evolutionary history of organisms.
• Biologist dont agree on how best to classify the
  protists.

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Zooflagellates

• Phylum Zoomastigina
• Movement by flagella
• Generally absorb food through cell membrane
• Movement 1 or 2 flagella
• Some live in lakes and streams
• Most reproduce by binary fission

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Sarcodines

• Phylum Sarcodina
• To obtain nutrients amoebas surround their meal
• Then form a food vacuole
• Move and feed using pseudopods false feet
• Type of movement called amoeboid movement

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Sarcodines

• Habitat fresh and saltwater
• Reproduce
• Binary Fission
• Examples
• Amoebas
• Heliozoans
• Foraminiferans (ocean)
• Calcium carbonate shell
• White Cliffs of Dover

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Amoeba Drawing
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Ciliates Phylum Ciliophora

• Named for cilia
• Cilia? short hairlike projections similar to
  flagella
• Use cilia for movement and feeding
• Defense mechanism
• Trichocystssmall bottle shaped structures used
  for defense release stiff projections
• Nuclei
• Macronucleuskeeps genes cell needs day to day
• Micronucleusreserve copy of all the genes

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Ciliates

• Feeding
• Use cilia to sweep food particles into gullet
• Waste Removal
• Food vacuole fuses with anal pore and pushes
  waste out
• In fresh water, water flows into the cell
• Cell must use contractile vacuole to excrete
  excess water

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Ciliates

• Reproduction
• Asexually by mitosis and binary fission
• When under stress may engage in conjugation
• Conjugation is a sexual process b/c new genetic
  information is produced
• Helps maintain genetic diversity
• Examples
• Paramecium
• Trichocysts

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Ciliates
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Sporozoans

• Sporozoa or Sporozoans
• Parasitic
• Dont move on their own
• Infect organisms such as
• Worms
• Fish
• Birds
• humans

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Plantlike Protists

• Unicellular Algae
• Key to classify algae type of photosynthetic
  pigments
• Use chlorophyll a, b, or c
• Use accessory pigmentsabsorb light at different
  wavelengths than chlorophyll

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Euglenophytes

• Have two flagella
• No cell wall
• Two flagella emerge from gullet
• Spin in a way that pulls Euglena through water
• Has eyespot helps organism find sunlight to carry
  out photosynthesis

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Euglenophytes

• Cell membrane called pellicle
• Ribbonlike ridges, supported by microtubules
• Tough and flexible
• Reproduce
• Binary fission

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Dinoflagellates Phylum Pyrrophyta

• Two Flagella
• Often wrap around the organism in grooves
• Reproduce
• Binary fission
• Luminescent
• When agitated give off light
• Phylum Pyrrophyta
• Half are photosynthetic, half are heterotrophs

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Diatoms Phylum Bacillariophyta

• Cell walls rich in silicon
• Silicon the main ingredient in glass
• Most abundant organisms on Earth

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Symbiotic Algae

• Dinoflagellates
• Allow tiny coral animals to use the food products
  of photosynthesis
• Dinoflagellates feed on the waste of coral animals

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Plantlike Protists Red, Brown, and Green Algae

• Multicellular
• Reproductive cycles like plants
• Cell walls and photosynthetic pigments identical
  to plants
• Algae also possess highly specialized tissues.

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Red Algae Phylum Rhodophyta

• Contain chlorophyll a and reddish accessory
  pigments called phycobilins
• Some help stabilize coral reefs

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Brown Algae Phylum Phaeophyta

• Chlorophyll a and c, brown accessory pigment
  fucoxanthin
• Largest and most complex of algae
• Multicellular
• Examples
• Giant kelp
• Sargassum
• Fucus

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Green Algae Phylum Chlorophyta

• Share photosynthetic pigments and cell wall
  composition with plants
• Found in fresh water and salt water and even in
  moist areas on land
• Most are single cells

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Human Uses

• Produce much of the Earths oxygen
• Many species of algae are rich in vitamin C and
  iron
• Chemicals in algae are used to treat stomach
  ulcers, high blood pressure, arthritis
• Prophyra dried to make sushi
• Used in ice cream, salad dressing, pudding, or a
  candy bar
• Plastics, waxes, deodorants, paints
• Used to make agar in science class

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Funguslike Protists

• Grow in damp nutrient-rich environments
• Heterotrophs
• Absorb food through cell membranes
• Feed on dead or decaying organic matter

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Funguslike Protists

• Differences between Fungi and Funguslike protists
• Fungi have chitin cell walls Protists do not
• Fungi dont have centrioles Protists do

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Phylum ends in Mycota

• Slime Molds
• Cellular
• Acellular
• Water Molds

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Slime Molds

• Key role in recycling organic material
• Two types
• Cellular Slime Molds
• Phylum Acrasiomycota
• Acellular Slime Molds
• Phylum Myxomycota

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Water Molds

• Water mold or oomycetes
• Phylum Oomycota
• Eat dead or decaying organic matter in water
• Plant parasites on land
• Water and Slime molds are important recyclers

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Harmful Effects of Protists

• Red tides
• Potato famine
• Malaria
• Amoebic dysentary
• African Sleeping Sickness
• Transmitted by tsetse fly
• Daytime slumber, nighttime insomnia