BiologyLife Science 2nd Quarter Review

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Biology/Life Science2nd Quarter Review

• Fall 2006

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Meiosis I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
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Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
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Normal Human Female

• Formation of a zygote that could develop into a
  normal human female.

44 XX
22 X
22 X

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Mutations
Flip Over
Add from another
Loss
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Definitions

• Gene mutations result from changes in the
  sequence (order) of the nitrogenous bases in DNA.
• Only mutations in the gamete DNA (egg or sperm)
  can be transmitted to offspring

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Substitution Mutation
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Frame Shift Mutation
Also known as a deletion
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Mendelian Genetics
Mendel analyzed large numbers of offspring.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Law of Segregation

• allele pairs separate or segregate randomly
  during gamete formation.

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Other Same
Tt TT or tt

• Heterozygous
• Homozygous

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Punnett Square
Probability is stated as a ratio of possible
genotypes or phenotypes.
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Heterozygous x Homozygous Dominant
Genotypic Ratio is
Phenotypic Ratio is
2 BB2Bb
100 Black
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Heterozygous x Heterozygous
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Test Cross - A cross between an individual of
unknown genotype or a heterozygote to a
homozygous recessive individual.
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Incomplete Dominance
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Dyhybrid Cross
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Organic Compounds

• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Carbon

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Examples of Organic Compounds

• Nucleotide
• DNA
• RNA
• Amino Acids
• Proteins

P
S
T
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DNA Double Helix
Double Helix Shape determined by Watson Crick
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Complementary Base Pairs
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• What is the complementary base sequence of a DNA
  strand represented by
• ATCGAA

TAGCTT
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Replication of DNA
Unzip
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Transcription of RNA

• Uses the following Nitrogenous bases
• Uracil
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Guanine

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Protein Synthesis begins in the nucleus and ends
at the ribosome.
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Translation
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mRNA to Amino Acid
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Protein Synthesis
Ribosome
Ribosome
Nucleus
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Protein Synthesis Continued
Polypeptide
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Karyotypes
Pictures of Human Chromosomes
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Sex of Baby

• DNA in sperm determines the sex of the baby by
  containing chromosome X or Y.

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Cystic Fibrosis Pedigree
Sickle cell anemia is also autosomal recessive.
Autosomal Recessive
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Blood Types
Antigens
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Inheritance of Blood Type Alleles
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Blood donors

• A can get blood from O, A
• B can get blood from O, B
• AB can get blood from A, B, AB, O
• O can get blood from O

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Amniocentesis Chorionic Villi Testing
Down Syndrome
Sex of fetus
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Definitions

• Clone - a cell, cell product, or organism that is
  genetically identical to the unit or individual
  from which it was derived.
• Sex-linked traits controlled by genes on the
  X-chromosome.
• Codominance - For some traits, two alleles can be
  codominant. That is to say, both are expressed in
  heterozygous individuals. An example of this is
  people who have an AB blood type or a roan horse.