Bones and Joints

1
Bones and Joints

• Chapters 8 and 9

2
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

• ______ skeleton
• skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum and hyoid
• Appendicular skeleton in green
• _____________ girdle
• upper extremity
• ______________ girdle
• lower extremity
• ___________________

3
Joints

• Joints and their classification
• bony joints
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• __________________________
• Anatomy of selected diarthroses
• humeroscapular joint
• elbow joint
• coxal joint
• knee joint

4
Joints and Their Classification

• _______________ study of the joints
• _______________ study of musculoskeletal
  movement
• Classified by freedom of movement
• _____________________ (freely movable)
• amphiarthrosis (______________________)
• ___________________ (little or no movement)
• Classified how adjacent bones are joined
• fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial

5
Bony Joint (_____________)

• Gap between two bones ossifies
• frontal and mandibular bones in infants
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• Can occur in either fibrous or cartilaginous
  joint

6
_____________ (Synarthrosis)

• Collagen fibers span the space between bones
• _______________________________________

7
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures

• _______________________
• bind skull bones together
• ________________________ ________________________
• temporal and parietal bones
• palatine processes of the maxillae

8
Fibrous Joint -- _____________

• _________________________ ________________________
  _
• Held in place by fibrous ________________________
  __
• collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone
• Some movement while chewing

9
Fibrous Joint -- _________________

• Two bones bound by ligament only
• interosseus membrane
• ___________________________________
• Interosseus membranes unite radius to ulna and
  tibia to fibula

10
Cartilaginous Joint -- _____________

• Bones are joined by _____________ _______________
• rib attachment to sternum
• _____________ in children binds epiphysis and
  diaphysis

11
Cartilaginous Joint -- __________

• 2 bones joined by _______________
• _______________ and intervertebral discs
• Only slight amount of movement is possible

12
____________________

• Joint in which two bones are separated by a space
  ? joint cavity
• Most are freely movable

13
General Anatomy

• ___________________ encloses joint cavity
• continuous with periosteum
• lined by synovial membrane
• ___________________ slippery fluid feeds
  cartilages
• Articular cartilage hyaline cartilage covering
  the joint surfaces
• _______________________________
• jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints
• absorbs shock, guides bone movements and
  distributes forces
• Tendon attaches _________________
• ___________ attaches bone to bone

14
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

• __________ saclike extension of joint capsule
• between nearby structures so slide more easily
  past each other

15
________________________

• fulcrum in the middle between effort and
  resistance
• Atlantooccipital joint lies between the muscles
  on the back of the neck and the weight of the
  face
• loss of muscle tone occurs when you nod off in
  class

16
Second-Class Lever

• ______________________________________
• Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis
  muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of
  the diagastric muscle on the chin as it opens the
  mouth quickly

17
Third-Class Lever

• Effort between the resistance and the fulcrum
• ____________________________________
• The effort applied by the biceps muscle is
  applied to the forearm between the elbow joint
  and the weight of the hand and the forearm

18
Range of Motion

• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by
• _____________________________________
• strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and
  capsule
• stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• double-jointed people have long or slack
  ligaments
• ___________________________________
• nervous system monitors joint position and muscle
  tone

19
Axes of Rotation

• Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom
  multiaxial joint
• Other joints ______________________

20
________________________

• Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike
  depression
• head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
• ____________________________________
• Multiaxial joint

21
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints

• __________________________________
  __________________________________
  __________________________________
• radiocarpal joint of the wrist
• metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the
  fingers
• ______________

22
______________________

• ___________________________________
  ___________________________________
• joint at the base of the thumb
• Biaxial joint
• more movable than a condyloid or hinge joint
  forming the primate opposable thumb

23
________________________

• __________________________________
  __________________________________
• Limited monoaxial joint
• _______________________________

24
____________________

• __________________________________
  __________________________________
• ____________________________________
• femur and tibia at knee joint
• finger and toe joints
• Monoaxial joint

25
____________________

• ___________________________________
  ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
  ___________________________________
• atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
• proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius
  during pronation and supination

26
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension

• _________ decreases the angle of a joint
• Extension _________ __________________
  __________________
• ________________ extension beyond 180 degrees

27
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
28
Abduction and Adduction

• _________________________________________
  _________________________________________
• hyperabduction raise arm over back or front of
  head
• ___________ is movement towards the ________
• hyperadduction crossing fingers

29
Elevation and Depression

• ___________________ is a movement that raises a
  bone vertically
• mandibles are elevated during biting and
  clavicles during a shrug
• ______________ is lowering the mandible or the
  shoulders

30
Protraction and Retraction

• _________________ movement anteriorly on
  horizontal plane
• thrusting the jaw forward, shoulders or pelvis
  forward
• ___________________ ___________________

31
_______________________

• Movement in which one end of an appendage
  ______________________ ______________________
  ______________________.

32
___________________

• Movement on longitudinal axis
• rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm
• _______________ _______________ _______________
• Lateral rotation turns the bone outwards

33
Supination and Pronation

• In the forearm and foot
• _____________________
• rotation of forearm so that the
  _________________________
• inversion and abduction of foot (raising the
  medial edge of the foot)
• _____________________
• __________________________ _______________________
  ___
• eversion and abduction of foot (raising the
  lateral edge of the foot)

34
Movements of Head and Trunk

• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of
  vertebral column

35
Movements of the Foot

• __________________ is raising of the toes as when
  you swing the foot forward to take a step (heel
  strike)
• __________________ is extension of the foot so
  that the toes point downward as in standing on
  tiptoe
• Inversion ______________________________________
  ______________________________________________
• Eversion is a turning of the _____________________
  __

36
The Humeroscapular Joint

• _________________________ in the body
• Supported by ligaments and tendons
• Supported by ______________ musculature
• tendons fuse to joint capsule and strengthens it
• 4 Bursae assoc. with joint

37
The Elbow Joint

• Single joint capsule enclosing the humeroulnar
  and humeroradial joints
• Humeroulnar joint is supported by collateral
  ligaments.

38
The Coaxal (hip) Joint

• ____________________________________
• Blood supply to head of femur found in ligament
  of the head of the femur Joint capsule
  strengthened by ligaments

39
The Knee Joint

• ___________________________
• patellofemoral gliding joint
• tibiofemoral gliding with slight rotation and
  gliding possible in flexed position
• Joint capsule anteriorly consists of
  _______________ _________________________
• Capsule strengthened by extracapsular and
  intracapsular ligaments

40
Knee Joint Anterior and Posterior Views

• Anterior and lateral ________________ limit
  anterior and posterior sliding movements
• Medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent
  rotation of extended knee

41
Knee Joint Superior View

• __________________________________________________
  __________________________

42
_______________

• Arthritis is a broad term for pain and
  inflammation
• __________________________________________
• _________________________________________
• accompanied by crackling sounds called
  ___________
• bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing
  pain

43
Arthritis and Artificial Joints

• __________________________________________
  antibodies attack synovial membrane, enzymes in
  synovial fluid degrade the cartilage, bones
  ossify
• remissions occur, steroids and aspirin control
  inflammation
• __________________ is replacement of diseased
  joint with artificial device called prosthesis