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Enterprise Engineering

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Title: Enterprise Engineering


1
Enterprise Engineering
Larry Whitman whitman_at_imfge.twsu.edu (316)
691-5907 (316) fax
Industrial Manufacturing Enterprise
Department The Wichita State University http//www
.mrc.twsu.edu/enteng
2
"It must be remembered that there is nothing more
difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, no
more dangerous to manage, than the creation of a
new system." -Niccolo Machiavelli
1513AD Be wary of those who think a planned
system is a panacea for their problems.
-Mike Ballard 1995AD
3
Enterprise Modeling Overview
  • All models are wrong. Some models are useful. --
    George Box, Statistics for Experiments
  • Everything should be made as simple as possible,
    but not simpler. -- Albert Einsten
  • When we try to pick out anything by itself, we
    find it hitched to everything else in the
    universe. -- John Muir
  • People don't argue with their own data. -- Bob
    Pike
  • Reality is made up of circles but we see straight
    lines. -- Peter Senge, The 5th Discipline
  • Solving a problem simply means representing it so
    as to make the solution transparent. -- Herbert
    Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, 2nd ed.,
    pg. 153
  • Systems models are best thought of as tools for
    coalescing people to do something together,
    helping them to undertake a systems-improvement
    task. -- Marvin Weisbord, Productive Workplaces,
    pg. 233

4
Enterprise Engineering
  • An Enterprise is a complex system of cultural,
    process, and technological components that
    interact to accomplish strategic goals.


People
Accomplish Organizational Goals
Processes
Technology
5
Approach
... Research Focused onPrinciples and Practices
...
  • theory
  • abstraction
  • design
  • implementation

Focus of Study
Paradigm
Reference Disciplines
Principles Practices
Research Agenda
Education/Professionalism
6
Principles and Practices Abstraction or
Representation
Activity Functions performed by enterprise (what
is done) Process Time sequenced set of
processes (how it is done) Organizational How
the enterprise organizes itself Business
Rule Defines the entities managed by the
enterprise and the rules governing their
relationships Resource Details the resources
managed by the enterprise
7
Principles and Practices Abstraction or
Representation
Enterprise
EP8
Category 1 Enterprise
Processes
Category 3 Enterprise
EP3
Processes
EP1
EP2
EP4
EP6
EP5
EP7
Category 2
Enterprise
Processes
8
Mathematical Model (OR)
9
What is a model?
  • A model is generally regarded as a representation
    of reality.
  • Details that are unnecessary are not included

10
Why do I need Modeling?
  • To analyze and design the enterprise and its
    processes prior to implementation
  • To help reduce complexity
  • To communicate a common understanding
  • To gain stakeholder buy-in
  • To act as a documentation tool for ISO 9000, TQM
    and other efforts

11
What is a model used for?
  • To analyze and design the enterprise and its
    processes prior to implementation
  • To help reduce complexity
  • To communicate a common understanding of the
    system
  • To gain stakeholder buy-in
  • To act as a documentation tool for ISO 9000, TQM,
    Concurrent Engineering, and other efforts.

12
Why Model?
  • To analyze and design the enterprise and its
    processes prior to implementation
  • To help reduce complexity
  • To communicate a common understanding of the
    system
  • To gain stakeholder buy-in
  • To act as a documentation tool for ISO 9000, TQM,
    Concurrent Engineering, and other efforts.

13
What is Enterprise Modeling?
  • An abstract representation of the various views
    of the enterprise and its processes
  • Provides a graphical, textual, or mathematical
    model of the enterprise
  • Includes only those aspects of interest

14
EM Definition
  • "a symbolic representation of the enterprise and
    the things that it deals with. It contains
    representations of individual facts, objects, and
    relationships that occur within the enterprise"
    (Presley 1997).
  • one representation of a perception of an
    enterprise. It can be made of several submodels
    including The content of an EM is whatever the
    enterprise considers important for its
    operations. (Vernadat 96)

15
Model Views (ARRI Five View Approach)
  • Business Rule (or Information) View
  • Activity View
  • Business Process View
  • Resource View
  • Organization View

16
Views (ARRI Five View Approach)
  • Business Rule (or Information) View defines the
    entities managed by the enterprise and the rules
    governing their relationships and interactions,
  • Activity View defines the functions performed by
    the enterprise (what is done),
  • Business Process View defines a time-sequenced
    set of processes (how it is done),
  • Resource View defines the resources and
    capabilities managed by the enterprise,
  • Organization View describes how the enterprise is
    organized which includes the set of constraints
    and rules governing how it manages itself and its
    processes.

17
Multiple Views (example)
18
Categories of Processes
  • (1) those processes which transform external
    constraints into internal constraints
  • (set direction),
  • (2) those processes which acquire and make ready
    required resources, and
  • (3) those processes which use resources to
    produce enterprise results.

19
Static and Dynamic
  • Static
  • Point in time of a dynamic model
  • Flow paths
  • Helpful in determining what items and functions
  • Dynamic
  • System behavior over time
  • Series of states are modeled
  • Useful for measuring/scoping resources

20
Why Static to Dynamic
  • Allows for best of both worlds
  • simplifies model development
  • adds rigor in review process
  • Single Model Master
  • Understandability of enterprise enhanced

21
IDEF
  • Integration DEFinition
  • U.S. Air Forces Integrated Computer Aided
    Manufacturing (ICAM) (late 1980s)
  • Many different IDEF methods
  • Each method is useful for describing a particular
    perspective
  • (IDEF0), functional or activity modeling
  • (IDEF1), information modeling
  • (IDEF1x), data modeling
  • (IDEF3), process description capture
  • (IDEF4), object oriented design
  • (IDEF5), ontology capture

22
IDEF is top down (decompositional)
23
IDEF0
  • What is it?
  • A structured modeling method used to develop a
    functional or activity model of an enterprise.
  • Describes what is done without regard to sequence
  • When is it used?
  • To build the Activity View of the enterprise
  • To act as front end to simulation and activity
    based costing
  • Available Tools
  • Design/IDEF
  • AIO from Knowledge Based Systems, Inc..

24
IDEF0
  • activity (or function) is represented by the
    boxes
  • inputs are represented by the arrows flowing into
    the left hand
  • outputs are represented by arrows flowing out the
    right hand
  • arrows flowing into the top portion of the box
    represent constraints or controls
  • arrows flowing into the bottom of the activity
    box are the mechanisms
  • Order of boxes do not imply sequence!
  • Top Down

25
IDEF0
26
IDEF1x
  • What is it?
  • A tool to develop data or business rule models
  • Builds Entity Relationship Diagrams
  • When is it used?
  • To define the Business Rule View of the
    enterprise
  • To design relational databases and systems
  • Tools
  • ERWin

27
IDEF1x
28
IDEF3
  • What is it?
  • A method used to describe the steps and decisions
    of a process
  • Describes how things are done
  • When is it used?
  • To build the Business Process View of the
    enterprise
  • To build structured descriptions of sequences and
    cause and effect relationships
  • Tools
  • ProSim from Knowledge Based Systems, Inc..

29
IDEF3
  • process flow diagrams and elaboration diagrams
  • Unit of Behaviors (UOBs)
  • Junctions
  • Links
  • Order of boxes do imply sequence!
  • Top Down

30
IDEF3
31
Rummler-Brache
  • What is it?
  • A technique to build a process model which
    defines the functional units of the enterprise
    performing the processes
  • When is it used?
  • To build a combined Business Process/
    Organization View of the enterprise
  • Tools
  • Optima!

32
Rummler-Brache
Print
Payroll/
Send Time
Budgets/
Magic
Cards to
HR
Happens
Depts
Dean's
Approve
Office
Original
PAF
Director Assoc Dir ARRI
Sign
PAF
Completes
Time
Time
Yes
Yes
Makes
Checks
Cards
Cards for
Type PAF
Copies
Info for
Accurate?
everyone?
Distributes
PAF
Collects Cards
No
No
Distribute
Retain
Type Time
to each
ARRI
Copy
Card
employee
Type
Admin
one timecard
Correct
for each
Time Card
account
Prepare
Start
Retain
Approve/
Yes
ARRI
PAF
Check Time
Copy
Sign Time
P.I./Supv
Card
Card
No
Time Card
Complete
Give to PI
Employee
Time Card
33
Flowcharts
  • What is it?
  • A simple technique to specify the steps and
    decisions of a process
  • When is it used?
  • To define the Business Process View of the
    Enterprise
  • To build quick, simple process models where
    linkages to other analysis tools are not needed
  • Tools
  • Process Model
  • Visio

34
Flowcharts
35
Domain Knowledge Capture
  • Avoid trying to solve too many problems with a
    single model
  • Choose a single viewpoint for model
  • plant manager chosen
  • enabled us to capture information important to
    the project that was outside the actual stretch
    form processes
  • Knowledge is initially captured
  • through interviews with people,
  • documents, and observation of
  • the existing system.

36
Domain Knowledge Capture contd...
  • Kits are created and reviewed in a top-down
    manner until sufficient detail is captured.

37
Domain Knowledge Capture contd...
  • Experts met together with researchers in a single
    room to reach consensus on some of the more
    difficult aspects of the model

38
Domain Knowledge Capture contd...
39
Domain Knowledge Capture contd...
  • This iterative review process
  • continues until each kit is complete.
  • Most kits took 3 iterations.
  • Cycle for each review
  • was about a week.
  • Next kit is then created
  • and the review cycle begins.

40
What is Simulation?
  • A (usually) computer-based version of a
    real-world enterprise.
  • A representation containing only those variables
    in a system deemed relevant.
  • Considers resources, cycle time, work-in-process,
    etc.
  • Provides a dynamic representation of the
    enterprise.
  • Supports a representation of both business and
    operations views.

41
Why do I need Simulation?
  • To try what-if scenarios.
  • To understand the impact of the introduction of
    new technologies.
  • To visualize a dynamic representation of a
    system.
  • To test/analyze a design prior to implementation.
  • To analyze performance changes over time.

42
Why do I need Simulation? (continued)
  • Permits controlled experimentation.
  • Non-disruptive analysis of the actual system.
  • Easy to use and understand.
  • Visually realistic and convincing.
  • Forces attention to detail in a design.

43
Optima!
  • Groups activities by department or role within
    the organization.
  • Provides the ability to create attributes or
    variables.
  • Provides statistics at any checkpoint
  • Visual animation of relationship between
    departments, organizations, etc.
  • Low cost.

44
Optima! (Time Card)
45
Process Model
  • Iconic interactive simulation system.
  • On-screen scoreboard displays key performance
    measures, including activity-based costing,
    throughput analysis, and process evaluation.
  • Comprehensive statistical reports and charts.
  • Shows people, paperwork, and objects flowing
    through the process.
  • Allows hierarchical modeling.
  • Low Cost.

46
Process Model (Sheet Metal)
47
Witness
  • Visually interactive simulation system.
  • Provides the means to support business decisions.
  • Used to model discrete and continuous
    manufacturing processes.
  • Interfaces with KBSIs ProSim IDEF3 modeling
    package.

48
Witness
49
ARENA
  • Visually interactive simulation system.
  • Flexible modeling environment combined with an
    easy-to-use graphical user interface.
  • Integrates all simulation-related
    functions--animation, input data analysis, model
    verification, and output analysis--into a single
    simulation modeling environment.
  • Provides templates that support modeling
    constructs focused on specific application areas.

50
ARENA (Robot Cell)
51
Service Model
  • Visually interactive simulation system.
  • Specific answers to questions regarding the
    capacity of service and waiting area, customer
    service times, employee productivity, vehicle and
    courier schedules and more.
  • Interfaces with Design/IDEF modeling software
    from Meta Software Corporation.
  • Specifically aimed at simulating service
    processes.

52
Service Model (Banking)
53
ProSim Annotation Example
54
ProSim to Witness
  • Create Validate process model in ProSim
  • Annotate extra data in ProSim
  • Check Syntax
  • Export model from ProSim
  • Read in Witness
  • Analyze in Witness

55
Tools
  • IDEF0 - AI0Win - version 2.2 by Knowledge Based
    Systems Incorporated
  • IDEF3 - ProSim? version 5.0 by Knowledge Based
    Systems Incorporated
  • WITNESS? Simulation Software version 9

56
Summary
  • Tools are not a panacea!
  • No one tool fits ALL analysis
  • Avoid sub-optimal solution
  • Choose tools based on suite approach

57
ISSUES BETWEEN VIEWS
  • 1) gaps in the view,
  • 2) artificial wrappers (decomposition versus
    aggregation),
  • 3) differences in methodology structure, and
  • 4) model ambiguities.

58
Gaps in the Views
One view can not contain all the
information required in another view.
59
Functional Decomposition (artificial wrappers)
60
Differences in Methodology Structure
Hierarchical
or
Hierarchical
61
Model Ambiguities
  • What are the two inputs?
  • An assemble?
  • A match?
  • An Or

62
Model Ambiguities (continued)
  • In this case it is a feedback loop (an or)

63
Three approaches
  • Master View
  • Driving approach
  • Federated approach

64
Master View
65
Driving approach
  • Assumes multiple views required for complete
    information
  • Populate largest content view
  • Drive the other views from that view
  • Ensure consistencies in overlapping information

66
Federated approach
  • Late binding (after model populated)
  • Allows models to be developed without
    consideration of other views
  • Tool dependant mapping between views

67
Summary
  • Multiple views required for implementing
    information infrastructures
  • Multiple views may lead to inconsistencies
  • Awareness of the issues with multiple views is
    the first step to minimizing these
    inconsistencies
  • Multiple views required for more comprehensive
    understanding of the enterprise
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