ISO 14000 Environmental protection Polluter pays

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ISO 14000Environmental protectionPolluter pays

• MST324 lecture 6

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Management Systems

• BS5750/ISO9000 quality
• BS7750/ISO14000 environment
• BS8800 occupational health and safety
• BS8888 technical product documentation

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ISO 14000

• the model for an environmental management
  system
• several guideline standards
• one compliance standard -- ISO 14001
  Environmental Management Systems
• a process similar to ISO 9000 registration

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ISO 14000

• ISO 14000 series is modeled after the BS 7750
  Environmental Management Systems originally
  published in 1992 and updated in 1994
• from Uruguay GATT negotiations and Rio
  Environment Summit in 1992
• BS 7750 pilot implementation program involved
  nearly 500 participants

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ISO 14000

• An organization may elect to comply with ISO
  14001 as a
• model for an Environmental Management System
• format to audit the Environmental Management
  System against
• method of demonstrating the Environmental
  Management System compliance
• process for third party and/or customer
  recognition
• public declaration of their Environmental
  Management System

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ISO 14000

• Benefits of implementing ISO 14001 may include
• enhanced compliance to legislation
• facilitated financial and real estate
  transactions, where environmental performance is
  a factor
• reduced costs associated with consumer audits
• ability to bid for contracts (protection or
  increase of market share)
• market forces (a real or perceived 'greening' of
  the marketplace)
• economic return from increased efficiency of
  resource use and
• increased ability to adapt to changing
  circumstances.

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ISO 14000

• Registration to ISO 14001 should be considered if
  it
• is a customer or industry requirement
• complements market strategy or
• is perceived as a valuable motivational factor.

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ISO 14000

• Registration generally requires twelve to
  eighteen months of effort depending on the
  complexity of the organization and the existing
  systems.
• It will take at least the same time to develop
  and implement an Environmental Management System
  which compiles with ISO 14001 requirements.

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ISO 14000

• ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
  Elements
• 1 Environmental policy
• 2 Planning
• 2.1 Environmental aspects
• 2.2 Legal and other requirements
• 2.3 Objectives and targets
• 2.4 Environmental management program(s)
• 3 Implementation and operation
• 3.1 Structure and responsibility
• 3.2 Training, awareness and competence
• 3.3 Communication
• 3.4 Environmental management system
  documentation
• 3.5 Document control
• 3.6 Operational control
• 3.7 Emergency preparedness and response
• 4 Checking and corrective action
• 4.1 Monitoring and measurement
• 4.2 Non-conformance and corrective and
  preventive action
• 4.3 Records

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ISO 14000

• Standard Title / Description14000 Guide to
  Environmental Management Principles, Systems
  and Supporting Techniques 14001 Environmental
  Management Systems - Specification with
  Guidance for Use 14010 Guidelines for
  Environmental Auditing - General Principles of
  Environmental Auditing 14011 Guidelines for
  Environmental Auditing - Audit Procedures 1
  Environmental Management Systems 14012
  Guidelines for Environmental Auditing -
  Qualification Criteria for Environmental Auditors
  14013/15 Guidelines for Environmental Auditing
  - Audit Programmes, Reviews Assessments
  14020/23 Environmental Labeling 14024
  Environmental Labeling - Practitioner Programs -
  Guiding Principles, Practices and
  Certification Procedures of Multiple Criteria
  Programs 14031/32 Guidelines on Environmental
  Performance Evaluation 14040/43 Life Cycle
  Assessment General Principles and Practices
  14050 Glossary 14060 Guide for the Inclusion
  of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards

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ISO 14000

• Sally Lee, Environmental Purchasing Strategy
  Specialist at Ford Motor Company recently
  interviewed by the Environmental Management
  Report stated
• that they are generally pleased with the
  response
• to date and do not plan to extend the deadline.
• The deadline she refers to is December 31, 2001
  when Fords Tier I suppliers must certify at
  least one of their manufacturing facilities to
  the ISO 14001 Standard and all manufacturing
  sites shipping products to Ford by July 1, 2003

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ISO 14000

• IBM strongly encouraging it suppliers to register
  to ISO140001
• General Motors has announced that it will require
  all of its suppliers to be certified to the ISO
  14001 Standard by December 31, 2002.

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Some URLs for ISO 14000

• http//www.iso.ch/iso/en/iso9000-14000/pdf/iso1400
  0.pdf
• http//www.bsi-global.com/ImportExportAdvice/Use
  fulPublications/Management/ISO14000.xalter
• http//www.iso14000.org/ .....(free software
  download)
• http//www.iso14000.com/
• http//www.mgmt14k.com/ems.htm
• http//www.trst.com/iso3.htmMini Cases
• http//www.ecologia.org/iso14000/standard/factshee
  t.html
• http//www.quality.co.uk/iso14000.htm
• http//www.iisd.org/greenstand/default.htm

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Environmental Protection Act

• Environmental Protection Act 1990
• http//www.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_1990004
  3_en_1.htm
• National Environmental Policy Act 1969
• http//www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm
• Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999
• http//lois.justice.gc.ca/en/C-15.31/

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Environmental Protection Act

• I Integrated Pollution Control and Air
  Pollution Control by Local Authorities
• II Waste on Land
• III Statutory Nuisances and Clean Air
• IV Litter, etc.
• V Radioactive Substances
• VI Genetically Modified Organisms
• VII Nature Conservation and Countryside Matters
• VIII Miscellaneous
• IX General

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Polluter Pays principle

• Core of the "Polluter Pays" principle is that
• the polluter should pay for any environmental
  damage created
• the burden of proof in demonstrating that a
  particular technology, practice or product is
  safe should lie with the developer, not the
  general public.
• Unfortunately, when and how much the polluter
  should pay is often unclear.

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Polluter Pays principle

• One way to adequately implement the polluter pays
  principle in the real world makes use of what are
  known as assurance bonds.
• money put up by the "polluter" to insure against
  a worst case environmental impact
• the bond recovered only if after sufficient time
  it is demonstrated that the technology, process
  or product in question had been deemed to be safe
  as was reasonably acceptable.
• Alternatively, if damage occurred, the bond would
  be used for environmental restoration, and to pay
  damages to anyone who had been harmed.
• Bond accrues interest the "polluter" receives an
  incentive to ensure that best environmental
  practice is followed, and to demonstrate that the
  technology, process or product is as safe as is
  practicably possible, without involving excessive
  cost.

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URLs for Polluter Pays principle

• http//europa.eu.int/comm/regional_policy/sources/
  docoffic/working/doc/ppp_en.pdf
• http//www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/esd/Principles/Pollu
  ter_Pays.html
• http//www.who.int/environmental_information/Infor
  mation_resources/documents/Healthteachersg/ch2.pdf
  
• http//www.greenpeace.org/politics/RIOplus10/ppp3.
  PDF
• http//www.unesco.org/mab/capacity/ucep/brief1.pdf
  
• http//sedac.ciesin.org/pidb/texts/oecd/OECD-4.09.
  html

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Precautionary Principle

• Poul Harremoës, David Gee, Malcolm MacGarvin,
  Andy Stirling, Jane Keys, Brian Wynne and Sofia
  Guedes Vaz
• The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century
  Late Lessons from Early Warnings
• Earthscan Publications, London, 2002. ISBN 1
  85383 893 4. Library 333.714PRE

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Precautionary Principle

• Harremoës et al book ...
• fisheries radiation
• benzene asbestos
• PCBs halocarbons
• diethylstilboestrol growth promoters (2)
• sulphur dioxide lead in petrol
• Great Lakes chemicals TBT antifoulants
• mad cow disease

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Precautionary PrincipleTri Butyl Tin
anti-foulants

• C4 BC Aristotle notes small fish
  (barnacles) slow down ship
• 1824 Sir Humphrey Davy anti-fouling action of
  copper sheathing on wooden ships related to
  rate of Cu solution
• 1863 Tarr Wonson, US patent 40 515 Cu20 as
  anti-fouling toxin (AFT)
• 1943 Tisdale, Brit patenet 578 312 organotin
  compounds as AFT

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Precautionary PrincipleTri Butyl Tin
anti-foulants

• 1960s introduction of commercial TBT AFT
• 1970s rapid take-up of TBT by shipping and
  small boats
• 1970 Blaber (Plymouth Sound) appearance of
  penis in female dogwhelks (Nucella
  lapillus)1971 Smith (US East Coast) imposex
  in mud-snails (Nassarius obsoletus) ..
  development of male sexual structures in
  females

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Precautionary PrincipleTri Butyl Tin
anti-foulants

• 1975 New Scientist v35 p316 hull drag due to
  fouling estimated to consume 25 of US Navy
  fuel
• early 1980s TBT responsible for imposex in
  oyster drill (Oceanebra erinacea) in
  Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic) Oyster
  production falls by 80 from mid 1970s to 1981
  (15K -gt 3K tonnes) due to reproductive failure
  and shell deformation

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Precautionary PrincipleTri Butyl Tin
anti-foulants

• 1982 France legislates to prohibit TBT AFT on
  vessels lt25m
• 1985 UK controls on sale of TBT AFT for use on
  small vessels
• Jan 87 reduction of UK TBT levels
• May 87 total UK ban on retail sales of TBT
  AFT on vessels lt25m
• 1988 Prohibition in US
• 1989 Prohibition in Canada - NZ - Oz

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Precautionary PrincipleTri Butyl Tin
anti-foulants

• 1991 harmonisation of EU TBT controls
• 1994 MEPC no further controls were necessary
• 1995 4th Conf Protection of the North
  Sea agreed concerted action for
  worldwide phase-out of TBT on all ships
• 1998 MEPC draft mandatory regulations
• 2003 phase out of application of TBT
• 2008 phase-out of the presence of TBT on ALL
  ship hulls