Sustaining by diversifying

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Sustaining by diversifying

• Legume-based technologies for Rice-Wheat
  production systems in Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)

Suresh Pande Regional Project Coordinator Crop
Diversification Project ICRISAT
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The Issue and RWC

• Continuous cereals cultivation apparently
  associated with
• Yield stagnation
• Nutrient and water imbalance
• Increased pest and disease incidence

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Rationale of ICRISATs Involvement

• Inclusion of legumes make the cereal-dominated
  system more sustainable
• Legumes enhance soil fertility
• Can break insect-pest and disease cycles in
  cereals
• Can diversify farm income
• Add protein to complement cereals
• Quarter-century expertise relating to important
  legumes chickpea, pigeonpea and legumes.

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Legume-based technologies for Rice and Wheat
Production Systems

• Objectives
• Quantify the scope of legumes in RWCS
• Develop technological options for overcoming
  major biotic and abiotic constraints
• Evaluate improved technologies in farmers fields
• Assess adoption and quantify the impact

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Successful Technologies

• System characterization
• Integrated soil, water and nutrient management
  (ISWNM)
• Integrated pest, disease and nematode management
  (IPM)
• Sustainable land-use systems

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System Characterization

• GIS analysis of cropping systems
• Legumes in rice and wheat cropping systems of the
  IGP constraints and opportunities.
• GIS application in cropping system analysis
  case studies in Asia.

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Soil and Water Management

• Using GIS with WATBAL
• Soil water availability and length of growing
  season for IGP of India, Nepal and Bangladesh
  were mapped

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Nutrient Management

• Following a nutrient model (NUTMOD), rationalize
  fertilizer use was established on cropping
  systems
• Bangladesh rice-chickpea
• India mungbean-rice-wheat and pigeonpea-wheat
• Nepal mungbean-rice-wheat
• Pakistan mungbean-wheat

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Chickpea flower drop
Normal
Deficient
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Doubling yield with Boron

• Boron deficiency a major yield constraint to
  chickpea and lentil in parts of IGP
• One kg B per ha increased grain yield in chickpea
  by 42 to 92
• Technology is now ready for large scale
  application.

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Integrated Pest ManagementHelicoverpa pod borer

• Sowing in May of the extra-short duration
  genotype, ICPL 88039 developed by ICRISAT and
  its partners which generally escapes
  Helicoverpa damage
• Judicious insecticide application

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Why pigeonpea for RWS sustainability?

• Known to improve soil fertility
• Grows largely rainfed.
• Fixes its own nitrogen
• Contributes organic matter in the form of
  senesced leaves, root residue, and releases P
  from fixed forms.
• Its area is declining in the IGP because
• -Low yield vis-à-vis rice
• -Greater risks
• -Longer duration of cultivars available with
  farmers

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ESD Pigeonpea - wheat rotation

• Extra-short-duration (ESD) genotypes have
  been developed that allow
• pigeonpea-wheat rotation.
• ESD pigeonpea yield ?3 t ha-1
• Up to about 1 t ha-1 extra yield of wheat could
  be harvested when it followed ESD pigeonpea

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ESD pigeonpea for cultivation in rotation with
wheat
ICPL 88039 for cultivation in rotation with wheat
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Wheat yield after rice, SD pigeonpea and ESD
pigeonpea at Sonepat, Haryana (1997-99)
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IPM of Legumes (Chickpea)

• The five Bs
• Boron deficiency
• Botrytis gray mold (BGM)
• Bhilt (Wilt)
• Borer (Pod borer)
• Bruchids (storage pests)
• Blue Bull

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Components of IPM of legumes (Chickpea)

• HPR BGM tolerant variety (Avarodhi)
• Agronomical Improved cultural practices
• Fungicides Weather/Need-based application
• Insecticides Need-based application

IPM A Success Story Rehabilitation of chickpea
in Nepal and Bangladesh
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Farmers Participatory IPM
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Farmers Participatory IPM
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Adoption and Impact of chickpea in Nepal
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Integrated Pest Management
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Sustainable Land Use SystemThe Barind Success
Story

• Chickpea identified as a second crop on residual
  moisture
• Low labour, low input technology
• Farmers are now getting second crop where there
  was only one
• Technique extended to Nepal

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Sustainable Land Use SystemSeed Priming

• In Barind, Bangladesh
• Plant stand improved by 22
• Grain yield by 47
• Stover yield by 31

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Sustainable Land Use SystemResidual Effect

• Long-term experiments conducted with PAU showed
• High nitrogen fixing chickpea line out-yielded
  its normal nodulating parent
• A book on residual effects of legumes in
  rice-wheat cropping system of the IGP published.

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Sustainable Land Use SystemRice Straw Compost

• Application of 2 t/ha compost prepared from
  rice-straw (normally burnt by farmers) along with
  the recommended levels of fertilizers produced
  4-9 greater yield of rice wheat
• Technology is ready for up-scaling

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New Emerging Researchable Issues if any?

• Carry over of pests in system perspective
• Define sustainability indicators of RWC
• Scale-up of IPM in legumes in IGP
• Scale-up of seed priming technology
• Modelling to identify new cropping systems
• In situ decomposition of crop residue

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Conclusions

• Greater inclusion of legumes into RWCS of IGP,
  the crop diversification project efficiently
  links ICRISAT to RWC and partners
• The project is pumping new life into the
  cereal-based systems and bring new hope to the
  people of IGP.

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Seeds for Next Crop
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Seed Preparation
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H A R V E S T
H A P P y
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Thank you