The New South 18621877

1
The New South1862--1877

• Post Civil War Reconstruction

2

• The Civil War
• a rich mans war and a poor mans fight.

3
Wartime problems

• Areas Appalachian Mountains and west of the
  cotton belt carried peace sentiments
• Planters not bearing fair share
• Confederate government decisions based on needs
  and wants of planter class
• Taxes
• Impressment of farm goods for soldiers
• Conscription
• 1862first draft in U.S. history
• Upper class could send substitute
• Exemption of 1 white man for every 20 slaves
• War bears heavily on yeoman soldiers
• Over 100,000 deserted or evaded the draft

4
War end brings

• End of slavery
• Expansion of market relations among white farmers
• Rise of upcountry commercial centers
• Economic stagnation
• 18601870 property value drops 30 while rest of
  the country increases
• Bloody shirt/Redeemer politics
• Blame for the war
• Southern Democrats
• Reconstruction

5
Problems to be faced

• Burned out plantations
• Fields in weeds
• Railroads, roads, bridges, etc. destroyed
• Shermans hairpins
• ½ of livestock destroyed
• Illegal governments
• Planting season with no one to plant crops
• ¼ of farmers killed
• Scarcity of labor
• Injured and maimed veterans
• 1866 1/5 of Mississippis revenue was spent on
  artificial limbs for returning veterans
• Anarchy and crime
• James BrothersFrank and Jesse
• Younger Brothers
• Dalton Gang
• Cantrells Raiders

6
Life goes on

• Widows and children planted
• Veterans drifted home and went to work
• Slaves worked for wages (often on the same
  plantations as before)
• Many people left and moved west
• Black people on the move
• Locate families
• Flee racism
• New opportunities
• Exodusters to Kansas
• cowboys

7
Reconstruction begins

• 1863
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Frees slaves in the rebellious areas only
• Freedmans Bureau established
• Land
• Education
• Lincolns 10 plan
• Amnesty and Reconstruction Act coins the phrase
  reconstructionrebuilding the Union

8
Freedmans Bureau

• Idea began with Shermans Field Order 15
• Divide deserted and confiscated plantation lands
  into small parcels of land and give to former
  slaves
• 40 acres and a mule (an animal) and tools
  necessary to work the land
• Bureau Commissioner Howard extends Shermans idea
  with Circular 13
• Distributes 40,000 acres of the Sherman
  Reservation
• President Johnson orders Howard to rescind the
  order with Order 15 which returns plantation land
  to former owners
• Agents were Army officers
• One per town or area
• Diplomats, marriage counselors, educators
• Supervised labor contracts
• Maintained law and order
• Settled disputes
• Coordinated relief efforts from the North with
  needs of their area
• Food rations1/3 of which went to whites
• Schools
• 2000 teachers into black and white public schools
• 1000 northern teachers trained 1000 more
• By 1869 there were over 3000 schools with 150,000
  pupils with more black teachers than white

9
Congressional Reconstruction

• Based on ideas of Radical Republicans who felt
  the South should be punished
• 1865
• 13th Amendmentabolishes slavery
• 1866
• Freedmans Bureau Act (Johnson vetoes)
• Civil Rights Act (Johnson vetoes)
• 1867
• Military Reconstruction Act
• South divided into 5 military districts
• Martial law
• 1865 1 million Union soldiers
• 1866 38,000 (mostly on Indian frontier)
• 1867 500,000 Union soldiers (including
  Freedmans Bureau agents)
• 14th Amendmentdefines citizenship and equality
  under the law

10

• 2nd Reconstruction Act
• Union Army registers voters
• 3rd Reconstruction Act
• Union Army to determine voter eligibility to take
  oath of loyalty
• Army has the ability to remove elected officials
  if they do not seem loyal
• Amendment to Military Reconstruction Act
• Removed ability of Supreme Court to decide cases
  regarding the Military Reconstruction Act
• All cases tried in military courts
• 15th Amendmentextends voting privileges to all
  adult males (except Indians)

11
Black Codes

• Designed to define role of blacks in the new
  society
• Good
• Forbid corporal punishment of workers
• Allowed access to education
• Recognized marriages
• Testify in legal cases
• Sue and be sued in court
• Bad
• Discriminatory vagrancy laws
• Little concern for rights
• In some states could not own land
• Proof of annual labor contracts
• Curfews
• Forbidden to own firearms (even for hunting)
• Licenses to practice certain trades

12
Southern Economy

• Desired industry, cities, and commerce
• Possessed raw materials
• Iron and coal
• Tobacco
• Cotton
• lumber
• Burdened by a labor system of unskilled and
  racially divided workers
• Attracted Northern carpetbaggers and Southern
  scalawags

13
Economic Changes cont

• Tried new crops
• George Washington Carver, Tuskeegee Institute
  encouraged poor black farmers to plant peanuts
• Tried new strains of cattle but found (like the
  first settlers in the region) that they were
  plagued by parasites and disease
• Remained tied to traditional agriculture
• Tobacco, rice, sugar, and cotton

14
Southern Farmers

• Tenancy/sharecropping
• Crop liens
• Smaller size farms
• Breakup of plantations
• High birthrate
• Per capita income decreased

15
Industries in the South

• Cotton and textiles
• Raw materials close
• Cheap labor
• 400 mills by 1900
• 100,000 workers

16
Industries cont.

• Tobacco
• 1876 James Bonsackcigarette rolling machine
• 1860-1900 more money spent on tobacco than
  clothes and shoes
• Southern dominated industry
• 1890 Washington Duke establishes the American
  Tobacco Company

17
Industries cont.

• Timber
• End of war 60 of nations resources
• Lumber
• Turpentine
• High cost to environment
• Highest employer of young blacks

18
Industries cont.

• Iron and Coal
• Coal was turned into coke to burn in blast
  furnaces to process iron
• Iron pipe production
• Iron was not good quality to produce steel
• 1890s Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Co. TCI
• Eventually sold out to U.S. Steel

19
Industries cont.

• Railroad
• Rebuilding rail lines and adding new ones
• Hoped iron would allow to produce own rails but
  did not happen

20
South Remained Rural, Agricultural, and Poor

• Why??????
• South said they were caught up in a colonial
  economy
• Industries controlled by businesses in the North
• Raw materials shipped to other areas
• Finished goods (which brought higher prices) were
  shipped back to the South

21
WHY?????? Cont.

• Better objective reason
• North had head start
• South had very few people with training to guide
  new development
• Lack of educated, trained workers
• Fear of outside interests isolated the people and
  the workforce
• Remained poor because it received too little
  outside assistance, rather than too much as the
  South explained

22
Social Changes

• Black culture
• Churches1.3 million Black Baptists
• Families
• Community schools
• White Men
• Hunting, gambling, house raisings, log rollings
• socialized at saloons, general stores, porch
  fronts of stores, barber shops
• White women
• Quilting bees
• church socials
• community gatherings centered around church

23
Race

• Harmony of the New South based on sacrificing
  blacks rights
• Black Codes
• Free but not equal
• White terrorism
• 1866 Pulaski, TennesseeKuKluxKlan
• Targeted black and white Republicans
• Murder, whip, lynch, shoot
• Segregation
• Civil Rights Acts of 1866, 1875
• 14th amendment
• Civil Rights Cases
• Jim Crow Laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson

24
Politics

• Black participation
• Republican
• Trained by service in Union Army
• 64 state legislators
• 3 lieutenant governors
• 4 U.S. Congressmen
• Redeemerswhite Democrats
• Bloody shirt tactics
• Power brokers
• Old Planter class
• New industrial middle class
• Professional politicians
• Laissez-faire
• White supremacy
• Focus on privilege few
• Badly neglected majoritysmall white farmers