4'10 Opal

1
4.10 ???? (Opal)
opal ????????????????????????????????????????????
(mineraloid) ???????? 2 ?????????? ???

• ?????????? (common opal ???? potch) --gt
  ???????????????? ???? ???????????

• ????????????? (precious opal) --gt ???? opal
  ???????????????? ??????????

?????? variety ??????
black opal ?????????? ????? ?????????????
???????? ??????????????????
white opal ??????????? ?????????????
???????????????????????
2
semiblack ???? gray opal ?????????????
????????????? ??????????????????????????
crystal opal ???????? ????????????????????
??????????????????????
black crystal opal ?????? crystal opal
????????????
jelly opal ???? water opal ?????????
???????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????
fire opal ???????????????????? ??? ???
?????????? ???????????????????????????????????
? ??????????????????????
fire opal
cherry opal
cherry opal ???? fire opal ??????????????
pinfire opal ?????????????????????????????
?????????????
pinfire opal
3
flame opal ???????????????????????????????
????????? opal
harlequin ???? mosaic opal
????????????????????????????????? ????????????????
???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????
?????????????????????????????????
harlequin opal
contra-luz opal ??????? ????????????????????
?????????????????????????????
boulder opal opal ???????????????????? ?????
?????? ????????? ironstone
matrix opal opal ????????????????????????????
?? ??????????? ironstone
matrix opal
boulder opal
opalized bone opalized wood ??? opalized
shell ?????? ??? opal ???????????????????????
?????? ?????? ??? ????????????
opalized shell
4
?????????????????? (play of colour) ?? opal
???????????????? opal ??????????????? scanning
electron microscope (???? 17,000 ????)

?????????????????????? silica gel
?????????????????????????????
??? silica gel ?????????? ???????????????????-????
? ????????????????????????????
5
Crystallography
opal ???? amorphous ??????????????????????????
????????????? ??????????? mineraloid
???????????????????? silica gel
????????????????(150-300 nm.) ????????????????????
???? ????????????????????? ??? silica gel
???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????
Physical properties
Cleavage -
Fracture ????????? ??????????????
Hardness 5 - 6 1/2
S.G. 2.15 (0.08 ??? -0.16)
Optical properties
Luster ??????????????????????
Colour ??????(body colour)
?????????????????????????
Transparency ??????????????????????
6
Optic character isometric ??????? double
refraction ??????????
R.I. 1.450 ( 0.020 ??? -0.030) ????
fire opal ????? 1.420 - 1.430
Fluorescence black opal ???????????
white opal ??????????? ?????????????????
??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? LWUV
??? SWUV ??????????????????
fire opal ??????????? ???????????????????????
??????? ?????? LWUV ??? SWUV
??????????????????
Absorption spectrum ?????????????????
??????????????????
Chemical properties
Chemical formula SiO2 .nH2O
??? n ???????????????????????? ???????? 3-10
?????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????
(crazing) ????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
7
Diagnostic features
opal ???????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? fire opal
??????????????????????? ??????????????
????????????? amorphous ?????? opal
??????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????
2 ???? (doublet opal) ????????????????????????
????????????????? ???????? ????????? 3 ????
(triplet opal) ?????? opal ??????????????
???????????? solid opal ???????????????????????
????????????????????????? ??????
doublet opal
8
Occurrence
opal ????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
?????????????? opal ???????????????????????????
???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ???????????????
precious opal ??? Australia ???? fire opal
??????? Queretoro ?????? Mexico ???????? Piaui
?????? Brazil ?????????????? ?????? Indonesia
Honduras ??? United States
Name
????? opal ???????????????? upala
?????? ????????
9
Species Opal
common opal ???? potch
precious opal
cheery opal
white opal
black opal
crystal opal
fire opal
opalized shell
pinfire opal
harlequin opal
boulder opal
matrix opal
10
4.11 ????? ???????????? (Zircon)

zircon ?????????????????????????????????
?????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? Sri Lanka
zircon ???????????? 3 ???? ???
high type ????????????
low type ???? metamict ???? amorphous
intermediate type ??????????????????
?????????????
??????????????????
11
Physical properties
Cleavage ?????????
Fracture ????????????
Hardness 7 - 7 1/2
Optical properties
Luster ??????????????????? (subadamantine)
Colour ???? high type ??????????
??????????-????? ????????????? ????????????
??????????? ??????????? ???? low type
?????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
Transparency ???????
Optic character Uni
12
Pleochroism ?????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????? ??????????????? Fluores
cence ???????????????-??? ???????????
????????????????????????????? ??
SWUV ???????????? ??????????? ????????
?????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????? LWUV ??? SWUV ??????
?????????????????????????????????
13
Chemical properties
Chemical formula ZrSiO4 Group
tectosilicate ??????? zirconium silicate
????????? hafnium ?????????? 1 4
?????????????????? ???????????? zircon
??????????????????????? uranium ??? thorium
??????????????????????? zircon ?????????? high
type ?????? low type ?????????????????????????
????? ???????? amorphous ???????????????????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????
?????????????? ?????????????????
Diagnostic features
??????????????????? zircon ??? chrysoberyl
corundum spinel topaz ??? beryl
?????????????????????????? zircon
???????????????????? ????????????????????? ?.?.
????????? ?????????????????? birefringence
?????????????????? doubling
14
Occurrences
???? zircon ???????????????????????????????????
???????? alluvial deposits ????????????????????
?????????????????? ??? Vietnam Laos Cambodia
Myanmar ??? Thailand ???????????????????????
??????????????????????? Sri Lanka
?????????????? ??? Australia Brazil Nigeria
??? Tanzania
Name
????? zircon ??????????????????????
zargun ?????? ?????
15
4.12 ????? (Topaz)
??????????? ????????????????????????????? topaz
?????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
topaz ??????????????????????? aluminium
fluosilicate ???????? ???????? topaz
???????? ?????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ??? ???????????
?????? ???????????????????????????????
??????????????????
Crystallography
topaz ????????????????? prismatic
????????????? ?????? orthorhombic
16
Physical properties
Optical properties
17

• Fluorescence
• ???????????? ?????? ???? ????????
  ???????????????????????? ??????? ?????
  ????????-?????? ?? LWUV
• ??????????????????????????????????? SWUV
• ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????
  LWUV

Absorption spectrum ?????????????????????????
? ?????????????????????????-????????????????????
??? ???????????????????? ??? 682 nm.
pink topaz
18
Colour ?????????? ??? ?????? ????
??? ????-??? ??? ????????? ????????????
??????????????????????????

• Imperial topaz ?????????? ??????

• Sherry topaz ????????????? ?????????-??????

• London blue super blue cobalt blue max blue
  ??? sky blue ???????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ?????????????

colourless topaz
green topaz
yellow topaz
pink topaz
19
Chemical properties
Chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
??????????????? F ??? OH ????????? Group
aluminium fluosilicate
Diagnostic features
????????????? topaz ????????????????????????????
?? ???? citrine chrysoberyl hessonite
tourmaline corundum ??? beryl ????????? S.G.
?????? R.I. ???? tourmaline ????????? R.I.
???????????? topaz ???? uniaxial ????????
S.G. ?????????? ?????????????????? birefringence
???????????? pleochroism ??????
Occurrences
??????? pegmatite ????????????? imperial
topaz ??????? Brazil ???????????????? ????
Siberia Ural Mountain Pakistan Japan
Mexico Sri Lanka ??? Myanmar ?? United
States ??????? Colorado Texas ??? California
Name
topaz ????????????? topazos ???? topazian
?????????????? Zebarget
20
Species Zircon
yellow
orange
red
colourless
greenish yellow
green zircon
blue zircon
zircon
zircon
zircon
zircon
zircon
Species Topaz
blue topaz
imperial topaz
cheery topaz
colourless topaz
yellow topaz
green topaz
pink topaz
21
4.13 ?????????? (Feldspar)
feldspar ?????????????????????????????? ?????
50-60 ????????????????? ????????????????(group)
?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????????
???
1. ???????????????????? (potassium feldspar)
- ????????????? ??? orthoclase ??? microcline
2. ????????????????????? (plagioclase feldspar)
- ?? Na ??? Ca ??????????????????? -
???????????????? ?????? albite oligoclase ???
labradorite
22
(No Transcript)
23
Potassium feldspar
orthoclase ??? microcline ???????????????????
????????? ??? KAlSi3O8 ?????????????????????????
??? ??? orthoclase ????????????????? ???
microcline ????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????? ??????
Crystallography
orthoclase ??????????????? monoclinic
microcline ??????????????? triclinic
??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
?????
single crystals
twined crystals
24
Physical properties
Optical properties
Luster ????????? Colour
orthoclase ????????????? ?????? variety ???
??????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
25
???????????(moonstone) ???? ????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????? adularescence
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? orthoclase ??? albite ?????????????????????
???? moonstone ??????? ???????????????????
???????? cats eye moonstone ?????????????????
2 ????????? ???????? star moonstone

moonstone
????????????????? moonstone
cats eye moonstone
26
???? amazonite ???? amazon stone ????
microcline ??????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ????????????????
?????????????????????????
Transparency orthoclase ?????????????
?????????????????? microcline ?????????????
???????????? ??????????????
27
Birefringence 0.004 0.008 Dispersion
0.012
Fluorescence moonstone ??????????????????
LWUV ?????????? SWUV
????????????????????????????????? LWUV ???
SWUV ???????????????????????????
??????????????????? ??????LWUV ???
SWUV microcline ??????????????
Absorption spectrum ?????????????????????????
?????????????? ??? 448 ??? 420 nm.
28
Chemical properties
Chemical formula KAlSi3O8 ??? K
?????????????????????? Na
Group feldspar group (tectosilicate)
Occurrence

• moonstone ????? Sri Lanka Myanmar Tanzania
  Madagascar Brazil ??? USA.
• cats eye ??? star moonstone ????? India
• amazonite ????????? pegmatite ??????????????
  ?????? India Brazil USA. Madagascar
  Australia Namibia Zimbabwe ??? USSR

Name
????? feldspar ???????????????? Feld
?????? ???? (field) ????? orthoclase
????????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????
microcline ????????????? 2 ?? ??? small
??? incline ?????? ??????????????????????
?????????? 900
29
Plagioclase feldspar
???? feldspar ?????????????????? Na ??? Ca
????????????????????????(albite) ???????????? Na
??? ??????????????????(anorthite) ????????????
Ca ??? ??????????????????????????????? albite
??? anorthite ??????????? ???????????????? ??????
???????????(labradorite) ?????????????(oligoclase
)
Crystallography
??????????????????? triclinic ?????????????
polysynthetic ???????????????????????????????????
???????? ???????????? basal cleavage
30
Physical properties
Cleavage ?? 2 ?????? ??????????????????
900 Fracture ??????????????
???????????????
Optical properties
31

• ???? labradorite ?????????????????????
  ?????????? iridescence ???????????
  labradorescence ?????????????????????? ??????
  ????? ???????????????? ?????????? labradorite
  ????????????????? ???? iridescence
  ????????????????????? ???????? rainbow moonstone

labradorite ???? labradorescence
labradorite ???? rainbow moonstone
32

• ????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????? sunstone ??????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????
  aventurine feldspar

sunstone
aventurine feldspar
33
Birefringence 0.009 0.010 Dispersion
0.012 Fluorescence
???????????????????
Chemical properties
Chemical formula ?????????? plagioclase
feldspar ??????????????????
34
Occurrence
????????? plagioclase feldspar
????????????????? potassium feldspar
????????????????????????????????? ?????????????
labradorite ??????? labradorescence
?????????????????? Labrador ?? Canada
??????????????? Finland ??? Norway ????
sunstone ??? aventurine feldspar ????? USSR
Australia India Norway ??? Canada
Name
????? plagioclase ????????????? ??????
????? (oblique) ??????????????
?????????????????? ???????????? ????? albite
?????????????? albus ?????? ??? ?????
oligoclase ????????????? 2 ?? ??? little
??? fracture ???????????
???????????????????????? albite ?????
labradorite ?????????????? Labrador
?????????????
35
Feldspar Group
species
Variety
Variety
Potassium feldspar
Plagioclase feldspar
labradorite
yellow orthoclase
moonstone
cats eye moonstone
labradorite
???? rainbow moonstone
amazonite
sunstone
aventurine feldspar
36
4.15 ???????? (Apatite)
apatite ????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ????????????????????
? 5 ????????????????????????????????????????
Crystallography
Hexagonal ??????????????? prismatic
Physical properties
37
Optical properties
Luster ????????? Colour
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????
???????????? ????????????
???????? asparagus stone ?????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????(cats
eye)
cats eye apatite
asparagus stone
Transparency ?????????????????? Optic
character Uni - Refractive index
1.634 1.638 (0.012 ???
0.006) Birefringence 0.002 -
0.008 Dispersion 0.013
38
Pleochroism ?????????????????????
??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? Fluoresc
ence ????????????????????????????????
?????? LWUV ??? SWUV
???????????????????????????? LWUV ??? SWUV
??????????????????????????????????
?????? LWUV ??? SWUV
??????????????????????????????????? LWUV
???????????????
SWUV
Absorption spectrum ????????????????????
????????????? 2 ???? ??? 580 ??? 464 nm.
????????? ???????????????
???????????????????? 512 491 ???
464 nm.
yellow to green apatite
39
Chemical properties
Chemical formula ??????? phosphate
????????????????? Ca5(PO4)3F Group
phosphate
Diagnostic features
apatite ??????????????????????????????????
R.I. ???????????? ?????? topaz tourmaline
??? andalusite ??? apatite ?????
birefringence ?????? S.G. ??????????
??????????????????????????
tourmaline
topaz
andalusite
40
Occurrence
????????????????????? ??????????? Myanmar
Brazil ??? Sri Lanka ??????????????? ?????
Spain ??????????????????? ????? Norway
????????????? ????? Canada ??????????????
?????????????? USA.
Name
apatite ????????????? ?????? ???????????????????
? (to deceive) ???????????????????????????
???????
41
4.14 ??? (Jade)
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
?? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????
??? ????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????
??? ?????????????? 2 ???? ????????????????????????
??????????? ???
1. ????????? (Jadeite Jade) ?????????????
jadeite ??????????? pyroxene
??????? NaAl(Si2O6)
2. ?????????? (Nephrite Jade) ????????????
amphibole ????????
actinolite - tremolite
42
4.14.1 ????????? (Jadeite Jade)
Crystallography
??????? jadeite ?????????? monoclinic
??????????????????????? ??????????????????????
(massive aggregate) ??? interlocking
?????????????????????????????????????????
Physical properties
Cleavage ????????????? 2 ??????
????????????????? ????????? Fracture
??????????????????????????? Hardness 6 ½ -
7 Specific gravity 3.34 (0.06 ??? 0.09)
43
Optical properties
Luster ?????????? ??????????????? Tran
sparency ??????????? ??????????????
Optic character Bi Refractive index
??????????????????? ???????????
1.660 Fluorescence ???????????????????
???????????????????????? LWUV
?????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????
????????????????? ????????????????????????
Absorption spectrum ?????????????
??????????? Cr ??? 630 655 ??? 690
nm Colour ??????????? ?????? ???
????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???
???????? ???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????? ????????????????????
??????????
44
top quality
45
????????? ??????????????????????????
????????????? ???? Imperial Jade
??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? Cr
?????????????????????? ??????????????????????
Apple Jade ?????????????????????? ????
Yunan jade ????????????????
?????????????????????
Moss in snow ???????????????
?????????????????????
Lavender jade ????????????
46
Chemical properties
Chemical formula jadeite ??????? NaAl(Si2O6)
????????????????????????(solid solution)
?????? diopside(CaMgSi2O6) ??? Ca ??? Mg
????????????? Na ??? Al ????????
diopside-jadeite Group Inosilicate
(pyroxene group)
Occurrence
Jadeite ???????? nodule ???? lens-shape
????????????? serpentine ???????????????????????
??????? Na ??? ?????????? alluvial pebble ????
boulder ????????? ????????????????????????????
Myanmar ????????? ?????? Guatemala Japan
?????? California ?? USA.
47
(No Transcript)
48
4.14.2 ?????????? (Nephrite Jade)
nephrite ???????????? amphibole ????????
actinolite - tremolite
Crystallography
?????????? monoclinic ????????????????????????
(fibrous) ??? nephrite ??????????????????????????
??????? ???????????????????
nephrite jade
fibrous ?? nephrite jade
49
Physical properties
Cleavage ??? amphibole ????????????????????
????????????? 560 ??? 1240 Fracture
?????????????????????? Hardness 6 6 ½
Specific gravity 2.95 ( 0.15 ??? 0.05)
Optical properties
Luster ??????????????????????? Transp
arency ????????????????? Optic
character Bi - Refractive index ???
R.I. ???????????? 1.61 Fluorescence
??????????? Absorption spectrum
???????????????????????????? ??? 500 nm.
50
Colour ????????????? ????????????
?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??
??????????????
?????????? ??????????????????????????

• black nephrite ?????????????

• Mutton fat jade ??????? ????????

• Tomb jade ???????????? ????????????
  ????????????? ???????????????

• New Zealand jade ???? spinach jade
  ???????????????

51
Chemical properties
Chemical formula ??????????????
Ca2Mg5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 ????????????
tremolite-actinolite ?? Fe ?????????? Mg
??????? Group Inosilicate (amphibole group)
Diagnostic features
????????? jadeite ?????? nephrite
?????????????????????? ?????????? S.G.
?????????????? ????????????????????????????????
??? hydrogrossularite idocase talc
serpentine amazonite ??? chalcedony
???????(chrysoprase) ????????????????????????????
??????????????????
52
Occurrence
??? nephrite ???????????? jadeite
????????????? dolomite ?????????????
???????????????? schist ??? greenstone
????????????????? Turkistan China USSR New
Zealand Taiwan Myanmar Canada Mexico ???
Brazil
Name
????? Jade ????????????? piedra de hijada
???????????????????? ?????? ?????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? ?????(kidney stone)
????????????? ???????? lapis nephritious
????????????????????? nephrite
53
4.16 ??????????? (Turquoise)
turquoise ??????????????????????????????????????
????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????
turquoise ??? ???????????????????????????????????
??(intense) ??????????????? ?????????????????????
?? turquoise ???????????????????????????????????
????????????? ??????????????????????
Crystallography
Triclinic ??????????????????????????????
(microcrystalline aggregate)
54
Physical properties
Cleavage ??????? Fracture
???????????? ??????????????? Hardness
??????????????????? 5 6
???????????????????????????????????? Specific
gravity 2.76 (0.14 ??? 0.36)
????????????????????????????????????
Optical properties
Luster ????????? ?????????? Trans
parency ???????????? ?????????
Optic character Bi Refractive
index 1.610 1.620 ???
1.650 ?????????????????? ??????????
???????????????????????????????????? ?????????
R.I. ??? 1.61 ???? 1.62
55
Colour ?????????????????????
?????????????? ???????????????? Cu
??????????? ??????????? Fe

• ??????????????????????? ????????
  ????????????????????? (Persian turquoise)
  ?????????(vivid) ???????????????????????
  ????????????

• ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????
  ?????????????? American turquoise ???? Mexican
  turquoise ?????????????????? pyrite
  ????????????????? quartz

• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ???????? spiderweb turquoise

56
Fluorescence ????????????? SWUV ?????
LWUV ???????????????? ??????
?????????????????????? Absorption spectrum
???????????????????????? 432 ??? 420 nm.
?????????? ??? 460 nm.
Chemical properties
Chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8.5H2O
Group ??????? phosphate Cu
??????????????? Fe ?????????????????????????
57
Occurrence
turquoise ???????????????? ??????????????(vein)
???????????????????????????????????????????
????? turquoise ???????? ????? Iran
???????????????? Persia ????????????????????????
???????? ?????????????? ?????? Uzbeck Republic
USSR Chile China ??? Australia ?? USA.
?? turquoise ?????????????? Arizona New
Mexico ??? Nevada
Name
turquoise ???????????????? ?????? Turkish
??????? Turk ????????????? turquoise ???
Mediterranean ????????? Europe
58
Species Jadeite
Lavender jade
Moss in snow
Imperial jade
Apple jade
Yunan jade
Species Turquoise
Persian turquoise
American turquoise / Mexican turquoise
Spiderweb turquoise